Copyrights And Patents :: essays research papers

Everyday telephone circuites provide the world with products and services. plurality in general are expert not self-sufficient. Who has time to make their own clothes, own meals,clean their own house, or even watch their own kids? instantlys every growing business world and advancements in technology make it extremely easy to obtain anything one could ever desire provided they consider the money to buy it. Many peck gained great success and wealth from their original product and business ideas. People have alsogained great wealth from espousal, thieving or adapting from one original idea.The legal age of copying and fraud involves software and clothing items.(Edwards6) One aspect of this is known as bootlegging. this is where someone copies a program, CD, performance, etc., and sells it on the streets. According to Mike Edwards of the foreign Federation of the Phonographic Industry claims that world wide CD piracy accounts for 6.5% of the industries annual sales. A various approach to borrowing ones idea doesnt nessacarily copythe product. Instead it involves misleading the consumer. As in one case, the Miller Brewing Company developed a sensitive beer with a label similar to Annheuser Buschs, who is shortly the number one brewer in America. The new brew was aimed at taking away sales from the mogul of Beers. (Melcher 37)Logos are also oft copied. A logo is defined as an advertising symbol or message that represents a product or a service. In one case, OJ Simpson has concur to share marketing rights with the Florida Department of Citrus to use his initial in connection with orange juice. (Wells 1) Materials can be illegally duplicated in many different ways. This includes everything sharing software, to copying CDs, to illegal sweatshops. Commercial goodshave either patents which are supposed to protect them from illegal duplication. digital technology is becoming a galactic problem for graphic artists who are trying to protect their creations. Scanners have made it very easy to duplicate images instantly. The designer must apply for a copyright in order to be able to sue for fraud. Images that are not copyrighted are in the humans domain. Also, copyrights expire 50 years after thecreators death. (Baer 163)China plays a major role in copyright piracy. Officials estimate that China exports about $827 million dollars a year of imposter products. An example of this is shampoo with a familiar American brand label, but containing different ingredients than the US versions.Copyrights And Patents essays research papersEveryday businesses provide the world with products and services. People in general are just not self-sufficient. Who has time to make their own clothes, own meals,clean their own house, or even watch their own kids? Todays every growing business world and advancements in technology make it extremely easy to obtain anything one could ever desire provided they have the money to buy it. Many people gained grea t success and wealth from their original product and business ideas. People have alsogained great wealth from borrowing, stealing or adapting from one original idea.The majority of copying and fraud involves software and clothing items.(Edwards6) One aspect of this is known as bootlegging. this is where someone copies a program, CD, performance, etc., and sells it on the streets. According to Mike Edwards of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry claims that world wide CD piracy accounts for 6.5% of the industries annual sales. A different approach to borrowing ones idea doesnt nessacarily copythe product. Instead it involves misleading the consumer. As in one case, the Miller Brewing Company developed a new beer with a label similar to Annheuser Buschs, who is currently the number one brewer in America. The new brew was aimed at taking away sales from the King of Beers. (Melcher 37)Logos are also often copied. A logo is defined as an advertising symbol or message that represents a product or a service. In one case, OJ Simpson has agreed to share marketing rights with the Florida Department of Citrus to use his initial in connection with orange juice. (Wells 1) Materials can be illegally duplicated in many different ways. This includes everything sharing software, to copying CDs, to illegal sweatshops. Commercial goodshave either patents which are supposed to protect them from illegal duplication. Digital technology is becoming a big problem for graphic artists who are trying to protect their creations. Scanners have made it very easy to duplicate images instantly. The creator must apply for a copyright in order to be able to sue for fraud. Images that are not copyrighted are in the public domain. Also, copyrights expire 50 years after thecreators death. (Baer 163)China plays a major role in copyright piracy. Officials estimate that China exports about $827 million dollars a year of impostor products. An example of this is shampoo with a fa miliar American brand label, but containing different ingredients than the US versions.

Heart of Darkness :: essays research papers

The Horror of ManJoseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is a tale of two work force who work for an ivory company in the heart of Africa. The two manpower, Marlow and Kurtz, come to see the horror that hides behind the trappings of civilization and every day life, the professedly darkness within all mankind. Characterization, symbolism, and tone are important in Joseph Conrads construction of the main idea behind the Heart of Darkness. The motive uses those things and more to build up the main Idea behind the story and make it evident to the reader.Both Marlow and Kurtz can be seen as the main casing in the story and for the story to be effective as a whole both have to exist. The author develops the character of these two men concurrently even though Marlow does not come in contact with Kurtz until towards the very end of the story. The author builds up the characteristics of Marlow and Kurtz throughout the story so the reader knows that these men are like most people in their think ing, the reader then can see that Marlow and Kurtz are normal respectable people. The story is seen through Marlow, notwithstanding the focus throughought the story is upon Kurtz almost from the moment Marlow reaches the first station in Africa. Kurtz character really begins to take shape about the time Marlow reaches the central station, he becomes known as an exceptional man, of the greatest importance. The reader sees the ambition that drives the man through the words of others. Even after Kurtzs remnant, when Marlow tells Kurtzs fianc of his death he lies to her about him because the truth would have been to dark- to dark altogether(224). The reader can see that Marlow still thought highly of the man and his character though, Marlow entirely knew what lurked beneath the surface of this man. The reader sees that see the Marlow himself as being a respected man the worst that could be said of him was that he did not represent his classMarlow was not the typical seaman(165). Wher ever Marlow went he heard of Kurtz and Marlow was excited to meet the man, it almost became his goal. This can be seen when Marlow has gotten the steamboat penny-pinching to the camp that Kurtz was at and the natives attacked, the manager comments And by the way, I suppose Mr.

changing self, context in song lyrics Essay example -- essays research

Text title Change You Or Change Me Source/ reckon Medium Rap songComposer Fabolous Purpose The main purpose of the text is indeed to entertain the listener in any way possible whether it be enjoying fabs witty punch lines or being able to relate to the issues present. Another purpose suggested is to relate with the composer (Fabolous) and gain knowledge of the occurrences experienced by the composer e/g racism or incidents in the ara . Fabolous says I want to bring you in, and let you see my world looking through my eyes. think Audience Many features in the text suggest that the intended audience are Other African Americans as he uses the term nigger which is by and large used when talking to other African Americans. General rap followers and fans that appeal to fabs music and Other similar Socio economic groups are intended to listen as they may appeal and find similarities in the issues and feelings raised such as predjudice. Fab states in an interview with MTV that On this alb um, Im relating to the listeners by sharing experiences with people who come from the places where Im from.Relevance to changing self In the first verse of Change me or change you the rapper feels that he doesnt stand out and he conforms to his social status by stating I aint never seacoast down a bad pole he feels no reason to change I never snitch, and go hide in a blackleg hole. There is a hint of change happening around him same girls that didnt seem like theyd lov...

The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics Essay -- Ethics

The American Nurses Association (ANA) is an organization with a strong ethical foundation. Nurses in general are cognize as an honest and trustworthy profession in the United States. This reputation was created because of nursing organizations like the ANA. In this paper the ANAs goals are described and fastened to their ethical principles. The role and importance of the ANAs ethical values are explored. A discussion of the ANAs culture and ethical decision making is described. The ANAs ethical values and how they support authors ethical views is explained and last the ANAs tender responsibility to the community.ANAs goals and ethical principlesThe ANAs goals are to contribute a unified focus of professional, competent, and ethical care to all patients. To treat every patient with dignity, value, and compassion free from any personal judgment of race, social or economic status, personal disparities, or disregard to health status. The Nursing organization strives to provide equa l care to all individuals with their primary focus on the patient, without regard to outside influences, such as the media, family, or the community. Nurses are accountable for the best welfare of the patient while in his or her care. They must respect professional boundaries, to include the privacy and confidentiality of the patient and family. Nurses must maintain a respect for human dignity, and hold in highest regard the importance of the patients best interests. The nurses duties include the responsibility to follow guidelines and regulations, acting only on duties within the scope of the professional practice. The nursing organization as well as has responsibilities to the public in maintaining awareness and knowledge regarding the health and welf... ...unity education and wellness and especially to the response efforts during disasters. The ANA is there for the wellbeing and ethical treatment of all mankind. industrial plant CitedAmerican College of Healthcare Executives. (2011). Creating an ethical culture within the healthcare organization. Retrieved from http//www.ache.org/policy/environ.cfmInternational Institute for Sustainable Development. (2012). Corporate social responsibility. Retrieved from http//www.iisd.org/business/issues/sr.aspx Rakichevikj, G., Strezoska, J., & Najdeska, K. (2010). Professional Ethics-- canonical component of organizational culture. Tourism & Hospitality Management, 1168-1177. Wright, D., Brajtman, S. (2011). Nursing Ethics, relational and embodied knowing Nursing ethics within the inter-professional team. Vol.18 Issue 1, p20-30. Sage Publications at EBSCO boniface

Graduation Speech: We are Prepared for the Challenges that Await Us :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Today completes the chapter of our lives that we subscribe been comfortable with for the past 13 years. High school may be over, but we still constitute a long exciting way to go in life. From our four-year experience we will take with us the memories, good and bad, and relationships we have made with each other(a) and the County High School staff. From these experiences we have learned and grown and will continue to do so. Growing up and moving on will be a huge part of our lives in the next few months. The decisions we will make come in-part from the choices we have already made. The past four years have been delight and easy for some and a struggle for others. When I reflect on my high school experience, I think of watching football granuloses, playing softball, reappearance weeks, school trips, parties and time with my friends. Others have spent their time in drama, band, community service, part-time jobs and all sorts of other activities. We have all watched Mr. LHS grow a long with us until it became a big part of the high school year. I enjoyed laughing with and at the guys as they showed off their talents. This years homecoming football game was one of the most exciting ones we have had, with four quarters and three overtimes when we beat Jackson 48 to 42 for a homecoming victory. No discipline what types of experiences we have had, I think they are important to remember and grow from. Through these fun and challenging times each one of us has strengthened strong relationships. Whether it was with friends or a teacher, we have developed connections and memories that will be with us forever, even if we lose contact with those individuals. Some students have discovered they have a passion for writing through a creative writing class or want to have a career in demarcation from taking Mr. Ides inspirational marketing classes. Others have participated in CLIP or summer school to catch up and make it possible for them to be here today. I went to Heig hts Elementary and have spent the last 12 years with the same group of plurality. Attending school with the people Ive known since elementary and middle school, and making homecoming posters with them for four years in a row, has given me a chance to get to know the people around me better than I ever thought I would.

Graduation Speech: We are Prepared for the Challenges that Await Us :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Today completes the chapter of our lives that we name been comfortable with for the by 13 years. High school whitethorn be over, but we still demand a long exciting way to go in life. From our four-year experience we will take with us the memories, practiced and bad, and relationships we have made with each other and the County High School staff. From these experiences we have learned and grown and will continue to do so. Growing up and base on will be a huge part of our lives in the next few months. The decisions we will make come in-part from the choices we have already made. The past four years have been fun and easy for some and a struggle for others. When I reflect on my high school experience, I study of watching football games, playing softball, homecoming weeks, school trips, parties and time with my friends. Others have spent their time in drama, band, community service, part-time jobs and all sorts of other activities. We have all watched Mr. LHS grow along with us u ntil it became a big part of the high school year. I enjoyed laughing with and at the guys as they showed off their talents. This years homecoming football game was one of the most exciting ones we have had, with four quarters and three over measure when we beat Jackson 48 to 42 for a homecoming victory. No matter what types of experiences we have had, I think they are important to remember and grow from. Through these fun and challenging times each one of us has built strong relationships. Whether it was with friends or a teacher, we have developed connections and memories that will be with us forever, even if we lose get through with those individuals. Some students have discovered they have a passion for writing through a creative writing class or want to have a career in business from taking Mr. Ides inspirational marketing classes. Others have participated in CLIP or summer school to bewilder up and make it possible for them to be here today. I went to Heights Elementary and have spent the last 12 years with the same root word of people. Attending school with the people Ive known since elementary and middle school, and making homecoming posters with them for four years in a row, has given me a chance to get to know the people around me better than I ever thought I would.

Response to Bystander Effect, Prejudice, Aggression and Deterrence Theory Essay

The Bystander Effect states that the great number of bystanders who witness an emergency the less promising anyone of them give help. What are your views ab turn out the bystander effect? The phenomenon of the bystander effect became recognised and found its niche in social psychology studies after the murder of Catherine Kitty Genovese in 1964. As it is one of the most shocking murders in the history, the emphasis on the psychological phenomenon that occurred in March 13, 1964 at about 315 am (Gado 2007) is overrated. Trekking back to the murder of Genovese, we bathroom note that at the very hour when the crime occurred people are still usually asleep.According to the accounts on the incident, the victim did scream for help, and since it was a fatal assault, surely, the victims persistence to get some aid should not be doubted, -this screaming and shouting for help may cancel out the fact that the people in her proximity are still deeply asleep (as accounts say on that point a re 38 witnesses to this murder), but at those very hours we need not barely dig deeper to unravel the mysterious apathy of the witnesses all we need to do is take note of the time the assault happened some of the witnesses may have in reality heard the screams but still has the need to sleep to face a Saturday-workday ahead of them. We can complement this further with what Abraham Maslows pecking order of needs states that the greatest need of an individual is his/her physiological needs in which sleeps or rest falls under. Moreover, since the violent scene broke the supposedly yet sleep-times peace, it is intelligible that the witnesses had chosen not to leave the refuge of their homes, fearing that they could be the next victim. -the need for safety and security comes as the entropy priority in Maslows illustrious pyramid model. These two needs therefore may have overridden any urges to be a hero or a Good Samaritan among the witnesses at those moments. The notion that occur s each time a bystander effect happens is that either witness thinks that someone else among the other witnesses is more capable to help. Let us simulate a likely scenario in observance of the theory a 79 year old lady was tripped by a rock on a crowded and crabbed street. In an instance like this you may likely see that not only one individual go away rush in to help the old lady get back on her feet. A bystander effect though always has a chance to occur and cast its spell to shroud a cloud of confusion that may blur the discerning of witnesses to response to an emergency. On one hand, some factors may actually trigger a witnesss or a bystanders urge to help. First, the affinity or degree of relation the bystander has with the individual in need of help. This lead define the innate will to help and would trigger a certain sense of responsibility on the bystanders side to help that someone he/she knows or that someone whom he/she at least have something-in-common with (for ex ample, supporting the alike(p) basketball team, someone in the same organization).Second, would be the empathy factor that may come from ones recalling of a previous experience that will move him/her to be of help. Third, would be the effect of mood and condition of a bystander (Bordens & Horowitz 1973), this however considers the ruling of Maslows hierarchy of needs over the urge to help base on mood.How can prejudice be reduced? Through quick referrence to a dictionary, prejudice would plain be defined as preconceived or premature judgement. First, let us see the nature behind prejudice according to the Gale encyclopedia of psychological science (2005), People are not born prejudiced earthly concerny prejudices are formed against groups with which a person has never had any contact. In basic analysis, we can then perceive that the existence of prejudice pre-requires innocence or even ignorance, -that ones mind must be a pailful that should be empty or yet has to be filled (by information and initially with opinions of other people). Through interaction and communication with other individuals, one would intrinsicly blow the prejudices of another individual he/she gets contact with. According to the communication model (Laswell 1948) in every communication process there is the presence of 1) a source, 2) a message, 3) a channel, 4) a receiver, 5) an effect, and 6) a feedback.Applying this process in tracing the development of prejudice, if an individual has yet zero knowledge or background towards a subject, as a receiver of a message he/she had to undergo the next step of the process, which is the effect. The effect here now since the receiver is yet an empty pail would be to digest the message, and if the message transmitted is prejudiced it will pour a content in that empty pail that may soon execute as the receivers raw material in generating his/her receive prejudices. In psychology, this model resembles the social cognition pattern which likewi se explains the development of prejudice. If we are to reduce prejudice, the direct equation we can derive from Laswells Model would be to reduce the interaction and communication with other individuals. This in reality however, is unbelievable as communication being both infinite and spontaneous processes cannot be reduced in terms of amount. The number of communication sources can forcibly be reduced but the messages that a receiver had already received will continue to develop and be repeatedly analysed in his/her mind which then will be used by him/her when its his/her turn to communicate as a speaker. Prejudiced beliefs lead to stereotyping, which are natural tendencies to categorise the world in order to make sense of it (NAT.org 2003). In an attempt to make the complex world organized as we perceive it, we tend to put labels on objects, events, and individuals that has same characteristics which send to us stimuli that are alike. A means to reduce stereotyping and generaliza tion as dictated by prejudice is to expose a prejudiced person to individuals capable of dispelling it (Gale Encyclopedia2005), these individuals include those that contradict the stereotypes. This approach to reduce and neutralize stereotyping, though somewhat indirect, will help in thawing whatever barriers prejudices had formed inside ones disposition which eventually is life-threatening, as sooner or later this prejudiced person will have the chance to interact with a person who belongs to a grouped he/she had stereotyped. In the treatment to reduce prejudice in the form of stereotyping, immersion could be a vital antidote. In the same humansner as Edward Saids Travel Theory (1983), a culture or an inclination (which in some cases can be a prejudiced idea) is bound to loose its original potency, its strength, and even its form as it gets contact with other cultures. A stereotype can likewise be tamed if the ignorance and the innocence where it was founded over will finally be bridged by discovering the truth (which may include interacting with the people whom you had a stereotype on) -this first-hand, actual, and direct beleaguer will not just reduce prejudice but alike dispel it. More than the more common but not-at-all easily done idea to be openminded, interaction would be the best achievable solution in reducing stereotypes.Write a two-page essay in which you describe Freuds theory on onset. Additionally, describe Banduras theory on aggression and what strategies would he recommend using to diminish aggressive behaviour. Do you think that aggression is innate or in condition(p)? why? Sigmund Freud explained that the theory of aggression begins at the early ages when a male child begins to develop his intimate relationship with his mother, being the natural provider and nurturing entity for the boy -this intimate relationship will come to a point that the boy will have sexual desires for his mother. In the family picture however, there is the pr esence of the father -whom the boy will treat as his rival in getting his mothers affection and attention. But eventually, the boy will realize that he cant win over his father, as the chances of winning in physical terms is impossible due the boys inferior size, the boy will concede is this competition and soon will realize that his mother is not a suitable object of love and sexual urges (cited in Freud & smith 1999). This sexual-desire idea is called the Oedipus complex while as for the girls, they also undergo the same condition and it is termed Electra complex. Freud claims that these are manifestations of the modifiers that dictate human behaviour instinct and sexual urges called libido. Libido is cleverness derived from the Eros, or life instinct (cited in Freud & Smith 1999). Aggression is the outcome when the urges of libido are not released. Eros, is symbolize in every man, so as what Freud had introduced thereafter the concept of death instinct or death force. This ene rgy from this death force seeks to deliver death and destruction, which also bounds a man to destroy his profess self. Thanatos does not entirely pour its energy towards self-destruction, some of which are channelled to other objects and individuals which explains the presence of aggression. Even beforehand technology, liberal thinking, and advance science, and even before the man who gave name to the concept was born, the world had abide with the survival of the fittest. Scientist Charles Darwin used the phrase to term the endless struggle of beings against one another for existence. The energy from Thanatos may support what sends a being to take aggression upon another. Bandura (1973) claimed that human behaviour is determined by the environment. Likewise mans behaviour also dictates his environment. This means that a man learns his aggression on what he perceives on his environment, while with the presence of aggression or the absence of it around, affects what the environment will become. Banduras approach in dealing with and along the process diminishing behaviour is through self-regulation or simply to control ones own behaviour. This begins with self-observation (watching and analyzing our own behaviours), then with judgement (setting a standard or an ideal measure were we can compare our behaviours with and pattern it to them), and finally with self-response (your manner of affirming yourself whether you are satisfied or not with what was your behaviour in a particular occasion). Aggression is innate to man, I agree for solid reasons. First, I would refer to what Abraham Maslow (1954) refer as the second immediate need safety and security. From which threats do we seek protection against? Harsh weather? -We got our concrete homes and thick winter suits. Wild Animals? Thats what technology and urbanisation is for, putting the dangerous forage-and-hunt lifestyle locked in oblivion, then what?The best answer would be human threats -which are manifestati ons of the presence of aggression in man. Second man is the superior specie of all but we are still classifiable as animals -beings which are programmed from birth to seek, hunt and fight for survival. An aspect of aggression is learned by man but this mainly covers the manners of aggression like the idea of how to use weapons and sub due impending opponents.What is intimidation theory? Why do people commit crimes? Punishments are pre-emptive instruments set by established laws and find outs meant to discourage and intimidate would-be offenders. An ever-existing idea based on what is called the deterrence theory. determent theory is based on the concept that, if the consequence of committing a crime outweighs the benefit of the crime itself, the individual will be deterred from committing the crime. (Summerfield, 2006, p. 1). By default, deterrence theory lies on the fear a punishment can instil to the subjects of a law. Ideally, a law applies to everyone in a state both the pre sidency and the subjects. But in reality, since deterrence theory was put to practice in an organized- club nation, it has revealed some serious flaws in itself. Write Morgan Summerfield traced the origin of the deterrence theory -stemming out the roots of its practice from old England from the Dark Ages, Feudal Era, the Tudor period, when feudal lords, kings, and queens, where the first to introduce the system of punishment. Although crimes at that era meant heavy punishment, as Summerfield would conjointly describe as brutal and severe, an individuals economic status would determine his vulnerability to the legal consequences of the crime Someone wealthy or influential could often commit offences with impunity, while someone of lesser birth would be severely punished for the same offence. Between this statements lines lies an logical implication the power of money, and the call to have it, which is avarice, is also encouraged. Money, power, and influence has been the bridges to punishment-evasion several centuries ago. These gives definition to deterrence theory as the imperfect concept where present laws and subjects-controlling policies are taken from. The answer to the question why do people commit crimes lies in the failures of deterrence theory. By default, law enforcers assume that making it cognise to the people that crimes are met with punishments is not enough. First reason not every criminal are caught, hence the crime = penalty equation is not absolute. Second, every criminal does not have the same level of fear the fear variable is defined by how hard the criminal/law offender is (a repeatedly imprisoned individual may not fear the conditions of being in jail as much as a first-time convict would. Third would be how able the criminal is in protecting/saving himself/herself from the legal repercussions of the crime. If we are to directly relate the question why do people commit crimes with the fear-dependent preventative theory, we can conclud e that the discrepancy of fear among the subjects of a law do explains why not all individuals are stopped by impending punishments and thus, go on and commit crimes. Another premise that may explain why do people commit crimes is the existence of free will When they act in a criminal manner, they do so out of free will and weigh the consequences of their actionsthey know what they are doing and choose to do it (Summerfield 2006). Along with it is the belief of Chinese Philosopher, Kong Zi (Xun-Zi) that man is by nature evil. -reflected in the oldest book of all time, the Bible, in the chapter of Genesis where the first man used its free will to ignore the rule set by God in the Garden of Eden. Kong Zi meanwhile acknowledges too that man is capable of doing good but for a man to do a good act it has to be done consciously. The societys means of increasing mans awareness and sensitivity to do conscious good acts, to teach what is right and to do right is by establishing institutions (schools, churches) to teach norms, and make laws and policies (to assure that the norms are followed). -Which brings us to an uncomplicated cycle the naturally evil man is straightened out and taught what is good being covered by different laws and policies which is based from the deterrence theory.On a research done by Richard Lebow and Janice Stein (1995), they claimed thatDeterrence theory rarely succeeds. Although their work underwent waves of criticisms and was thoroughly scrutinized for gaps and flaws, the spirit of deterrence theory, which is carried over by the laws in present time seems to testify on the findings of Lebow and Stein.ReferencesContributors Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression A Social Learning Analysis. p. 183. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice-Hall.Bordens, K. Sm, Horowtiz, I, A.(Eds.). (2001) Social Psychology (second edition). Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesGado, M. (2007) A Cry in the Night The Kitty Genovese Murder Retrieved February 26, 2008 from Crime Library, Co urtroom Television Network, LLC.Gale Group, (2001). Gale Encyclopaedia of Psychology, 2nd Ed.. Retrieved February 27, 2008from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0002/ai_2699000270Huitt, W. (2006). Social cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA Valdosta State University. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http//chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/soccog/soccog.html.Jervis, R., Lebow, R., Stein, (Eds.). (1985) Psychology and Deterrence . Baltimore The Johns Hopkins Press,Laswell, H.D., (1948). The structure and function of communication in society -in the communication of ideas, ed. Bryson, L. New York Harper.Maslow, A (1954). Motivation and Personality.NAT.org. (February 2003). The Psychology of Prejudice Retrieved February 28, 2008 from http//www.e-alliance.ch/media/media-4301.pdf.Said, E. W. (1983) Travelling Theory, The World, the Text, and the Critic. Cambridge Harvard University Press.Smith, A. K. (1999) Theories of Aggression. Biology 202 1999 Fina l Web Reports-Biology. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from Serendip database.Summerfield, M. (2006). Evolution of Deterrence Crime Theory, a move with an End. Retrieved February 27, 2008 from Associated Content, Inc.

Discussing Hamlets speach with Polonius Essay

Farewell, Ophelia, and remember well What I fork out utter to you. Line 88,Act 1 Sc 111. Tis in my depot locked, And you yourself shall the keep the key of it. Line 90 Act 1 Sc 11. These were the last lyric Laertes and Ophelia exchanged before he left to France. It is when Polonius hears these words that he asks Ophelia what Laertes meant when he said, Remember well What I have said to you. Ophelia then tells her father that it was most her relationship with critical point. Polonius then questions Ophelia about this so-called relationship.Which then brings me to language Polonius and Ophelia have Act 1 Scene 3 Lines 122-143 which I have based my essay own. I will go in depth and inform different characteristics of this speech. This whole speech between Polonius and Ophelia, though Polonius does most of the talking. I think it would be fairly accurate to say that he is actually talk Ophelia. Polonius is telling Ophelia that village is no good and also telling Ophelia that sh e shouldnt give in to juncture so easily. Polonius in this speech also reveals to the reviewer what his true feelings of hamlet are.From this speech we can imply that Polonius is very pertain about Ophelias relationship with small town. Shakespeare uses Metaphors, Similes, Alteration, and Personifications in Poloniusspeech s to stress Hamlets faults and Ophelias somebodyality as well. The speech becomes to a greater extent alive be buzz off of these devices. I will show exactly how these devices construct Poloniuss speech. It is obvious that Polonius is concerned about his daughters relationship with Hamlet this is shown throughout the speech in various ways. The speech also shows Polonius strongly disapproves of Hamlet he does this by criticizing every aspect of Hamlet.We can see this by looking at Poloniuss speech for example when Polonius says When the blood burns, how prodigal the soulAct1, Sc3, Lines125, Polonius is byword that when Hamlet has a sudden churning for a wome ns company that is when he goes to Ophelia. There is an alliteration here blood burns this put emphasis on these two words. When the blood burns is also a metaphor because we all now blood doesnt burn, these two devices make Hamlet seem a same a monster. It seems as if Hamlet is only using Ophelia for his own selfish reasons.Then Polonius continues to say how prodigal the soul Lends the tongue vows Act1, Sc3, Lines123-124 Polonius here is saying that when Hamlet has a sudden churning his soul lends his tongue vows or promises. We can see the prosopopoeia here because Shakespeares writes as if soul is a person and can actually lend the tongue vows. This personification shows the reader exactly how control Hamlet is. Then Polonius says These blazes, daughter, Giving more light than heat, extinct in both Act1, Sc3, Lines124-125, Polonius is saying that the blazes contain light and heat but they interrupt out soon after.Polonius is saying just like light and heat die out and so will Hamlets promises. This shows the reader that Hamlet is not going to keep his promises that soon they will be broken. Polonius again uses personification to show us exactly what he think of Hamlets promises in this quote Do not believe his vows for they are brokers,Act1, Sc3, Lines134-135, Polonius is talking about Hamlets vows as if they were alive and they could actually break promises. This shows Hamlets promises arent worth anything.Polonius goes on to say that Hamlet is a fake in this next quote Not of that dye which their investments shows Act1, Sc3, Lines135, Polonius is saying that Hamlet is not the way his clothing or covering make him look. In this track Hamlet may be seen as an imposter or a hypocrite. In this next quote Polonius show us exactly what kind of person Hamlet is Breathing like sanctified and pious bawds, Act1, Sc3, Lines 137 this metaphor means Hamlet is performing like a humble person so he can hide his obscene, vulgar personality.In other words Hamlet acts like someone else so he can hide his true self. At this point the reader can speculate from Poloniuss speech that Hamlet is a rather nasty character or that Polonius has some hidden issues against Hamlet and that is why he is intent on giving Hamlet a bad name. Throughout the speech Polonius doesnt give any reason as to why he feels this way towards Hamlet. In the previous paragraph I showed you how Polonius used comparisons and other literary devices to show his disapproval towards Hamlet.In this paragraph I will show you how Polonius makes Ophelia seem feeble and vulnerable. In the first line Ay springes to catch woodcocks I do knowAct1, Sc3, Lines122 Polonius compares Ophelia to woodcocks, which are known to be pointless and easily trapped. Polonius is saying that Ophelia is easily trapped by Hamlet words, gifts etc. The reader might think of Ophelia as a little vulnerable girlfriend who can be easily fooled. Polonius then accuses Ophelia of not being able stand up for herself and saying no to Hamlet, in this next quote tick your entreatments at a higher rate.Than a command to parley. Act1, Sc2, Lines129 Polonius is saying dont automatically give in to Hamlets every request, have some self-respect and dignity. The reader may think that Ophelia cant really say no when it comes to Hamlet. Then Polonius wraps up his speech by saying I would not in plain terms from this time forth Have you slander any moment leisure As to give words or talk with Lord Hamlet. Look tot, I charge you. Act 1,Sc3, Lines138-142Polonius is ending his speech by telling Ophelia that she better not from this time on spend time or even talk with Hamlet anymore.Ophelia answers by saying I shall obey, my Lord. Act1, Sc3, Lines143 Ophelia doesnt complain to her father this shows a certain marrow of feebleness on Ophelias side. The reader can obviously assume that Ophelia is a vulnerable, feeble and a nai ve girl in here nature. The overall pitch of Poloniuss speech is concern for his daughter and disapproval towards Hamlet. Polonius is trying to protect Ophelia from getting hurt by Hamlet, which whom he doesnt particularly like.This makes Polonius seem like an overprotective father. The essence of Poloniuss speech is the concern mixed with extreme dislike toward Hamlet. He uses Metaphors, Similes, Alliteration and Personification this makes Poloniuss speech become more appealing. Polonius compares Hamlet to many things and says a lot about what Hamlet is and is not. Polonius does it so much that the audience is feels that the Polonius could have is own secret issues with Hamlet.The audience is hearing a lot of criticism directed at Hamlet and the audience might start to think that Poloniuss has other reasons for disapproving of Hamlet. This could mean that all the things said about Hamlet may not be true. How does the speech affect the rest of the play? This speech affects the rest of the play in the sense that Poloniuss disapproval of Hamlet causes for Ophelia to tell Hamlet that their relationship is over and Hamlet is not very pleased by this. After this episode when Hamlet starts acting weird, even a little mad.Polonius automatically suggests it is because Ophelia has dumped Hamlet, and therefore convinces Claudius and Gertrude that is what is causing Hamlets madness. Even though there is not direct evidence that implies Ophelia is the cause of Hamlets madness, in fact the reader know this is not even the reason for Hamlets madness further more Hamlet is not even mad. Polonius is simply playing devils advocate. I think Poloniuss extreme dislike of Hamlet that is revealed throughout the speech has impact the play in a number of ways.

Hall High/Low Communication

Hall High/Low Context Communication In this essay Id give c ar toexpress my opinion round Halls Context Communication. In general, in todays business relations, its a small world after all. As to a greater extent companies turn towards global markets, professionals are finding themselves in foreign locales, wheeling and dealing like never before. However, the key to effective discourse between countries is an misgiving of each others culture, especially a working knowledge of how each society conveys meaning.First used by author Edward Hall, the expressions high context and low context are labels denoting inherent cultural differences between societies. High-context and low-context communication refers to how much speakers rely on things other than words to convey meaning. Hall states that in communication, individuals face many more sensory cues than they are able to fully process. In each culture, members have been supplied with specific filters that allow them to focus only o n what society has deemed important.In general, cultures that favor low-context communication will pay more attention to the literal meanings of words than to the context surrounding them. When individuals from high-context and low-context cultures collaborate, there are often difficulties that occur during the exchange of tuition. These problems can be separated into differences concerning direction, quantity and quality. For example, employees from high-context cultures like China and France share very specific and extensive information with their in-group members (good friends, families, close coworkers, etc). In comparison, low-context cultures like the United States and Germany pick out to limit communication to smaller, more select groups of people, sharing only that information which is necessary. And now Id like to speak in detail about the main features of each kind of Context Communication. High-Context CommunicationHall Most of the information is either in the physical context or initialized in the person. * Knowledge is situational, relational * less(prenominal) is verbally explicit or written or formally expressed * More internalized understandings of what is communicated (ex in-jokes) * Often used in long term, well-established relationships * Decisions and activities focus around ad hominem face-to-face communication, often around a central, authoritative figure * Strong awareness of who is accepted/belongs vs. outsiders Low Context Communication Hall The mass of information is vested in the explicit code message. * Rule oriented * More knowledge is public, external, and accessible. * Shorter duration of communications * Knowledge is transferable * Task-centered. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done and the division of responsibilities. To draw the conclusion, once can say that communication is everything, so make sure you know not onlywhatto say, but withalhowto say it

Conventional Shopping vs Online Shopping Essay

On-Line Shopping Vs Traditional ShoppingThe advent of the Internet has had an impact in our lives in any sorts of ways such as in the manner in which we communicate, flirt, date, and more or slight importantly, how we stigmatize. While even in the recent past the thought of whether virtually twenty-four hour period one would be able to buy an Armani outfit wearing pajamas while looking after the needs of a couple of toddlers would use up squ are upmed an outlandish idea, convey to the increasing sophistication of the technology of the 21st century, practi invitey everything is virtually possible, and shop from the comfort of ones home has be watch a part of more or less peoples daily lives. When retailing on the web started, sometime in the middle to the late 1990s, it gave rise to the debate which is still ongoing, about online vs. traditionalistic shop. And even though obtain centres are still being thronged by shoppers, just as they do on the Internet, the question st ill clay Whether online obtain will conquer all, or if traditional shopping will survive this increasing onslaught of e-shopping? In order to study this, lets examine a few pros and cons of online vs. traditional shoppingAdvantages of Online ShoppingInternet has revolutionized the way we do our Shopping. Because of the numerous Advantages and Benefits of Shopping Online more and more people these long time prefer Online Shopping over conventional shopping. Given below are my Top 10 Reasons for Buying Online.1. Convenience The convenience of this method of shopping is the crush advantage the interchangeabled by many people. Where else shadower one do shopping even a midnight wearing his/her night suit? one do not have to wait in a line or wait till the shop assistant is ready to help him/her with leveragings. One target do shopping in minutes even if one is busy apart from saving time and avoiding crowds. Online shops give us the opportunity to shop 24 x 7 and alike reward us with a no pollution shopping. There is no better place to buy randomness products like e-books. Immediately after the payment is made one can download the information. And downloadable items purchased online eliminate the need for any kind of material goods at all. 2. Better Prices another(prenominal) thing which fascinates most customers is the cheap deals and better prices they get from online ancestrys because products come to them direct from the manufacturer or seller without middlemen involved. legion(predicate) online shops offer discount coupons and rebates. Apart from this, the Online lay in is scarce needed to collect sales taxation if they have a physical location in our state even if we buy from a storage across the world. 3. Variety The choices one can get for products are amazing.Read more Essay AboutAdvantages and Disadvantages of Online ShoppingOne can get some(prenominal) brands and products from different sellers at one place. You can get in on the lat est international trends without spending money on airfare. When you shop online, you can shop from retailers in other parts of the country or even the world without being limited by geographic area. These stores offer a far greater selection of colors and sizes than you will find locally. Apart from that, How many times have it happened that you spend your money reaching a local shop alone to find that the product you need is out of stock? close to online shops have a provision to accept orders without stock and ship it across to you when the stock becomes available. You also have the option of taking your business to another online store where the product is available. 4. Send Gifts Online Shopping makes sending gifts to relatives and friends easy, no matter where ever they stay. immediately on that point is no need of making distance an excuse for not sending a gift on occasions like Birthday, Wedding Anniversary, Marriage, Valentines Day, catchs Day etc.5. Fewer Expenses s ome times when we opt for conventional shopping we tend to spend a lot more than the required shopping expenses on things like eating out, traveling, impulsive shopping etc. 6. Comparison of Prices Online shops make comparison and research of products and prices possible. Online stores also give you the ability to role information and reviews with other shoppers who have firsthand experience with a product or retailer. 7. Crowds Many customers would like to avoid the crowds when they do the shopping. Especially during Festivals and Special events the crowds can really give a headache. Crowds force us to do a hurried shopping most of the time. Crowds also create a problem when it comes to finding a parking place nearby where you want to shop and going back to your vehicle later loaded with shopping bags.8. Compulsive Shopping Many times when we go out on Shopping we end up buying things which we do not require because of the shop keepers up selling skills. sometimes we even comprom ise on our choices because of the lack of choices in those shops. 9. Buying Old or unused Stuff at low prices Online Shops make it possible for us to buy old or unused stuff at rock bottom prices. If we want to buy antiques there is no better options than online stores. 10. Discreet Purchases Some things are better done in loneliness. Online shops are also best for discreet purchases like adult toys, sexy lingerie and so on. Online Shops enable me to purchase under garments and lingerie without the embarrassment that there are several people watching me and my choices.Disadvantages of online shoppingThe craze of online shopping has picked up quite significantly in the last decade and online sellers are expected to improve their share of purchases for years to come. There is no doubt that one can find great deals online and so many different brands which may not be even available in regular stores, even shopping malls. Despite of all the hype, there are certain disadvantages of onl ine shopping. 1. One Do Not Physically See The Items Normally when we shop from a regular store, we can see the item and at least(prenominal) visually inspect that it looks fine. You can select a color, size and can even speak to a sales person to clarify doubts regarding an item. The biggest disadvantage of online shopping is we do not physically see the item till it arrives. May be you have seen it in the nearby mall but there is a possibility that the item piece you have ordered may be defective. Misinterpretation or misunderstanding of items bought online is a viridity problem. Usually the photo of items you see online are much better than once you have the item in front of you 2. Wait For The Items To Arrive Once one place you order the postponement game starts.One has to wait for a few days for the item to arrive which can be quite frustrating. Most experts believe that we are most excited about your buy in the first few days, so by the time your item arrives you will most likely be less excited then getting the item on same day you made the payment 3. Chances Of Mishandling While Shipping / Delivery Risks What if the item you are expecting neer arrives, you will be lost in a series of phone calls to the seller and the courier company. What if you are not at home during the time of delivery and the courier company leaves the package on your door and a passerby decides to steal it? What if the shipping company broke your stuff and you realize it after rise it when the courier man has already gone away. The seller might claim that you broke it. 4. Shipping Charges Only a few websites offer free shipping, some others will ship for free only if your total purchase price exceeds a certain amount. Shipping fee is often a big desperation for online shoppers.5. Returning Merchandise Even if the seller agrees to mystify back the defective switch, you often have to pay the cost of shipping it back. Additionally you have to call and convince the people re garding the reason of your return. Some good sites do have excellent return policy, but not everyone. 6. Online Security Making payments online is commonly well(p) but not always. There may be sites which are not secure or do not encrypt your personal credit gameboard data, so if a hacker breaks in their system, your personal data can be compromised. 7. Risk Of Online Fraud Some people pretend selling items at a very cheap price and often send you a low quality, opened or refurbished item, in other cases the site may eject down unexpectedly, leaving lot of customers who might have already paid for the item but did not receive anything. Shopping online can also take you to phishing sites which want to defraud you.8. Timezone Difference In countries like USA there are various time zones and the customer service hours of the online shopping site may be different from your time zone, making it difficult for you to get in touch with a human when you need help. 9. Sales Tax Although a n online shopping site may not charge you a sales tax during the purchase, you are legally obliged to pay taxes when you file annual taxes (assuming you live in a taxable state). Most people are able to get by, but in case of a scrutiny not paying sales tax on online purchases may become an issue. 10. A Dull Shopping Experience Many customers enjoy going to a mall or just the nearby bazaar and enjoy the ambiance and feel more accessible among other people. Online shopping can be boring for many and make you feel like a loner. 11. Restocking Fee Most online stores have a restocking fee, specially on electronic items. Items that you buy in a store, can be opened at bottom the store in front of an associate after purchase, and if there is an obvious defect you can return/exchange it without paying a restocking fee which is usually between 10 to 20 percent.12. Spyware On Your Computer Having a virus or a spyware is not the sellers fault but there is a happen of your personal data / credit card information, to be stolen right from your own computer. 13. Knowledge Of Operating A Computer Older people in particular are not comfortable operating computer and they will never purchase online because of the same reason. 14. Deal Hunting Can Be Frustrating It is common that the price of items are different on different sites. Some people find excitement in finding good deals online while others hate to cow chip various sites to find the best price. excessively online shopping can often become addictive.15. Online Connectivity Issues You add items in your online shopping cart, enter your credit card information and press submit. What if the confirmation screen times out due(p) to connectivity issues. You do not know if the order went through correctly or not. Many people refresh the screen and little do they know that it may cause double billing / double ordering. 16. One Cannot Buy Low Priced Or Perishable Items On The Web Small items like pencil, eraser, socks, wa ter bottles etc.. are low priced items and shipping them will likely double the cost. You will always have to depend on regular stores for them. Similarly items like milk, fruits and vegetables are perishable items and cannot be ordered online. 17. One Cannot Buy Items That He/She Need Right Now Disadvantage of online shopping includes inability of getting items in your possession quickly.Most good internet sites have taken adequate measures to overcome most of these disadvantages. An intellectual online shopper knows a lot more than a novice. Both regular stores and online shopping have advantages and disadvantages of their own. However, traditional shopping does have certain plus points. Immediate bliss that local brick and mortar shops provide is still liked by many people. If you want something right away, just now, getting it from a retail store is the only option. Seeing and touching a product is also an important factor for many people when they buy things. For example, mos t people would not buy a piece of expensive jewellery only on the basis of a picture on a website.The chances are slim for the Internet to capture a share of the market of industries which are more suitable for traditional shopping. While consumers can carry out research online for high priced items like properties and cars, people usually want to see the piece of real estate or visit a car showroom and test drive a car onwards finalizing a deal. A traditional retailer bestows the personalized human contact which is not available on the Internet. Besides, for many people shopping is a opening of entertainment, almost a social rite. People like to handle things, especially clothes, feel the texture, and try them on to see how they look in them.For Our Study We took* Myntra was realised by Mukesh Bansal, Ashutosh Lawania and Vineet Saxena in February 2007. Myntras headquarter is in Bangalore, with regional offices in New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. * In 2010, the company shifted its strategy to becoming a B2C (business to customer) oriented firm, expanding its catalogue to make and lifestyle products. * Myntra.com is ranked among the top 10 e-commerce companies in India . In the last 3 years, Myntra has become the most popular destination for personalized products in the country.* Products -* Men, Women, Kids garments* It Has About 20,000+ Styles, 350+ Brands and Counting* It has the largest collection of the latest fashion and lifestyle products in India* Myntra has tied up with top fashion and lifestyle brands in india, such as nike, reebok, puma, adidas, asics, lee, lotto, decathlon, fifa, john miller, indigo nation etc. * To offer a wide range of current season merchandise from these brands. Myntra currently offers products from more than 200 Indian and international brands. These include shoes for running, tennis, football, basketball and fitness, along with casual footwear from world-renowned industry leaders like * There are also casual and dressy foo twear for women from catwalk, carlton london and red tape to name a few.* Capabilities* Order processing and delivery myntra attempts to order and ship every order within 24 hrs.it offers free shipping within india on all products it can ship internationally to all major countries. * Technological myntra maintains its website which provides the only means by which a customer can make a purchase. * To maintain, upgrade and improve the website and the user experience, myntra employees many computer science engineers and experienced professionals.* Marketing* Myntra has successfully used social networking websites facebook and twitter to expand its customer base. * Myntra positions itself as a fashionable new age brand. It launches major marketing moves every year. In february 2012, myntra rolled out an ooh (out of home) campaign across 2 cities to build brand awareness and promote online shopping. * Myntra has used mostly viral marketing and internet for its popularity coupled with o ccasional discounts and referral discounts. It can be given a rating of 3/5.* Revenue ModelMyntra.com is an aggregator of many brands. Its business model is based on procuring current season merchandise from various brands and making them available on the portal at the same time as in respective retail brand outlets. All these products are offered to customers on mrp. It is a business to customer (b to c) revenue model.* Competitive Advantage* Competitive advantage in any e-commerce business can be due to a cost leaders or product differentiation or both. * In the case of Myntra the competitive advantage is mostly due to cost leadership * In special cases it also enjoys competitive advantage due to product differentiation. In case of IPL t- shirts the buyer can get his/her name imprinted on it. Also Myntras business model up till 2009 was of customized t-shirts and mugs etc which allowed it to have product differentiation.RecommendationsWhen buying from online stores make sure to ch eck out the following. * Does the online store value your privacy and confidentiality? Is their privacy policy available to read if you want to see it? * How long have they been in business? Are they reputed in business with great reviews from customers? * Does the online store have a way to contact them?* If youre unhappy with your purchase, do they have a refund policy? If one take care of the above, Online shopping can be a very rewarding experience.ConclusionWe think online shopping is great. We have grown an increase interest in doing most of our shopping online because of its convenience, no rush, and because you view everything in one place. The internet is can be shopping mall However we think that there are items where traditional shopping has an edge over the online shopping. For example- while buying furniture like sofa, the feel of the sofa is very important. In traditional shopping one can come to the store and sit on the sofas to see if they like them or not. Many peo ple are pickier than others and seeing the furniture online may seem like a good idea to them at first, but then they receive it and its a big disaster. Now, add the frustration of exchange/returns on a sofa youre not happy with spells bigger disaster we think thats the only drawback. Other than that, online shopping is fun, convenient way to shop. Our only advice is be safe, be smart and make sure buying is done from a reputable website.

Equality and Diversity Pttls

and Discuss issues of comp atomic number 18 and diversity and ways to promote inclusion with your learners. Review other points of referral available to meet the potential needs of learners. To fully insure the above we really need to understand the terms. Equality meaning to be equal before law and without any discrimination. This is particularly main(prenominal) to minorities and to the poor. Through equality every one has the right to fair choices. Diversity is used to describe political entities who have identifiable differences in their background and lifestyles including ethnic minorities.Inclusion means to meet your learners needs, which some may have more than others. These needs should be appropriately met to enable full participation in the classroom. The main issue associate to equality and diversity would be exclusion. If the tutor does not meet the needs for those with a different background then it can often end with the school-age child feeling not only left out but to feel neglected and can lead to missed lessons and also feeling that they dont belong their. The tutor should be committed to providing equal opportunities for each of his/her students. You should demonstrate your commitment to equal opportunities through everything you say and do in your work with adult students. (199313). Promotion of equality within the classroom is not only an expectation but a requirement by law. All students must feel that they are positively and equally valued and accepted, and that their efforts to learn are recognised, and judged without bias. It is not enough that they are tolerated. They must feel that they, and the groups to which they belong (e. g. ender, social-class or attainment groups) are fully and equally accepted and valued by you, and the establishment in which you work. Petty (199869) To promote inclusion within your classroom you will need to do positively to the diverse needs of your learners. How you communicate with your learners is essential ensuring learners can understand what you are saying. Ensuring body language and comments are appropriate and are no offensive. commandment methods are also important and you will need to make sure that your methods are varied and support all learning styles.Ensuring your learners can all inscribe is also important, therefore not excluding any of them. Allowing your learners to establish working relationships effectively, ensuring everyone is included and that the room is accessible and safe for people with sensory disabilities or lack of mobility. special support may be required to enable you to support equality and diversity this could be in the form of a learning support assistant, equal resources, peer support, varied presentation.Although inclusion is about supporting your learners needs, it may not always be possible to do this without support for yourself. You should be aware of your limits of righteousness and know when and where to access support for both you and your learners. If you have a line manager then they should be your first point of contact. Your colleagues may be other point as they may have experienced something similar. It is your responsibility to find out what support is available for you. Supporting Equality and Diversity is extremely important and is also a legal requirement.When planning your lessons you should be taking this into account and structuring your lessons appropriately. If you are unsure you should be aware of your limits and seek advice from your line manager. If you dont have a line manager you will need to get advice on who you should be asking for help and support. Petty G (1998), Teaching Today, linked Kingdom Nelson Thornes. Daines, Daines and Graham (1993) Adult learning, adult teaching United KingdomDept. of Adult Education, University of Nottingham

Why Fat People are Funny In Hollywood

The quote listed in the title comes from 2009 box-office hit The Hangover. The events that incite Mr. Chow ( b stripeed by Ken Jeong) to regulate laughing its homophile(a) beca single-valued function hes fat feature Alan Garner (played by Zach Galifianakis) charging at Mr. Chow, who is stomping on Alans satchel, and exclaiming Hey There be skittles in there (Hangover 7655 7645). In return Alan is punched in the stomach by unrivalled of Mr. Chows henchmen, causing Mr. Chow to laugh hysterically and simultaneously slip its funny because hes fat unwrap of his mouth (Hangover 7655).Clearly in the survey, the weighed down reputation, Zach Galifianakis, is the butt of the joke as he is punched real hard in the stomach and therefore laughed at for his stupidity and weight. In modern movie making, overweight comedians have had a critical role in humor in films. Stars such as hindquarters B pretermit, Seth Rogen, and Zach Galifianakis are modern examples of such faces, but in the last thirty years, many other large comedians have developed and popularized alike(p) roles in films.The overweight funny man in film has evolved into a more(prenominal)(prenominal) personal, relatable character ascribable largely in part to their accurate censure of the unify States obesity problem. These characters have also created their own genre, a genre that has evolved out of humourous drollery, besides remains in the realm of realism. This genre, which often involves greenish and physical pain, yet remains glib and non fake (like earlier humorous humor), continues to bring new fans to the cinema and create greater love for this conference of comedians.This paper will explain funny fat batchs emergence, humor, and popularity in American cinema. Evolution of Slapstick Comedy in Films When was the first comedy film? lavatory Montgomery suggests it may intimately have been Fred Offs Sneeze, filmed in 1894 by William K. L. Dickson. The film was produced for Thom as Edisons Kinetoscope Company in the Black Maria Kinetographic Theatre which Dickson built for Edison in West Orange, saucy Jersey (Montgomery 17). This film was released only if three years after Edisons invention of the Kinetoscope in 1891.It is not a coincidence that a comedic persona of film was released soon after the production of the moving picture, but it simply suggests the necessity of comedic entertainment in American culture. From the early days of film, comedy became a staple on American cinema. In the early twentieth century, films were silent and featured many comedies. The initial type of comedy featured was humorous comedy, which was a gift to America from France (Durgnat 67). The term slapstick evolved from the double waddles formerly used by circus clowns to beat each other.The loud crack of the two paddle blades as they crashed together could always be depended upon to produce laughter and applause (Dale 1). Slapstick is a type of comedy involving exaggerat ed physical violence and activities which outmatch the boundaries of common sense. The first American slapstick comedy producer was Mack Sennett, who with the help of actor/producer Charlie Chaplin, created many hilarious films loved by the American people (Durgnat 70). In these films, there was no audio component, requiring all humor to be dependent on physical actions (Montgomery 18).Raymond Durgnat states that in early Chaplin, Dough and dynamite (1915), the human body is all but reduced to an apparatus for punching, kicking, ducking and dodging (Durgnat 69). Chaplin has been considered the master clown and in 1916, Chester Conklin, an actor and comedian, stated without a motion the one person who has been most successful in making people laugh is Charlie Chaplin (Montgomery 108). Chaplin and others continued to produce silent slapstick comedy films with the halcyon Twenties, a time when film became increasingly popular and genuinely successful.In 1926, Warner Brothers intro duced the first film with audio attached. Because of the imperfections of the initial product and smaller budgets in the 1930s due to the Great Depression, films with an audio component remained imperfect, allowing silent films to retain their popularity and stay popular and not outdated. Following Chaplin and the others of the first generation of slapstick comedy was the Three Stooges Larry delicately (born Louis Fienberg), Moe Howard (born Moses Horwitz), and Curly Howard (born Jerome Horwitz) (Matlin 163). This trio continued to produce popular short films and a few feature films until the late 1950s.The Three Stooges were the last true slapstick comedians, where Leonard Matlin argues that the use of clever scripting and direction places the physical burden on others but still gives the Stooges elbowroom in which to clown (Matlin 168). The Three Stooges were some of the last slapstick films, which essentially died out as many other forms of comedy emerged onto the film scene. On e of these styles of humor Louise Dobson describes in a 2006 edition of Psychology Today as hate-me humor, a style in which you are the butt of the joke for the amusement of others (Dobson 76).She continues stating this character is often the familiar clown or fat guy and includes examples like tin Belushi and Chris Farley (Dobson 76). Dobson directly identifies the fat guy as an example of such comedy because of how popular these comedians have arrive. From this article it is evident that funny fat people are essential to American comedy, so much so that the author is able to classify them as the fat guy and American readers are able to send with popular overweight comedians. Although there appears to be a reasonable argument that this comedy genrefalls into hate-me-humor, I would suggest that these comedians exist as an of slapstick comedy.The laughs these characters receive come from the same qualities the original slapstick comedians, like Charlie Chaplin, shared. Raymond Dur gnat describes this stating Slapstick comedians are childlike, and in importee act out the impulses which as adults we suppress (Durgnat 72). If you stand in Durgnats word slapstick with overweight, the sentence would read overweight comedians are childlike, and in consequence act out the impulses which as adults we suppress.Looking at many overweight comedians we see that this genuinely well could be the case. The characters impulsive and childish actions are very common in their films (many examples to follow in next section) and generate laughs similar to those of traditional slapstick humor. In recent years, no director has released a true slapstick comedy film. The genre has been avoided (except in childrens cartoons) in movies perhaps because the producers believe that the modern American culture is too advanced for this unfledged, simplistic, outdated humor.In populace, current comedy has progressed into a new form of slapstick comedy, where the exaggerations have been t oned down and the humor has become a little more realistic. Looking through the last four decades we can see countless examples of films featuring this realistic slapstick humor. These characters tend to be lovable, goofy, dotty and consistently overweight. Modernization of Slapstick Comedy Realistic Physical Humor. In order to analyze the continuation of slapstick humor in American cinema, a look at the period immediately following the Three Stooges (the last true slapstick productions) is essential.In 1963, the release of the first Pink Panther film, starring shaft of light Sellers marked a new era for slapstick comedy. The Pink Panther series stretched nearly two decades with Sellers as the star, relied on slapstick humor, yet remained plausible. closely scenes from the Pink Panther movies are absurd and over the top in every manner, yet the events of the plot could be realistic, creating a new breed of slapstick comedy. At the end of the Pink Panthers dominance, National Lamp oon released Animal House in 1978, starring several actors including fast one Belushi.Following the release of the film, Belushi evolved as the works centerpiece providing countless hysterical events. In the movie, John Bluto Blutarsky (played by John Belushi) appeared in nigh a dozen scenes, yet is the most memorable character of the film through his ridiculous actions. In the movie he rarely speaks, and acts very childish, both parallel pieces of the earliest slapstick comedians. Belushi has a handful of memorable quotes and scenes, most of which are truly ridiculous, yet believable.He has several immature one line quotes including Toga Toga , Blow-job, Holy Shit Holy Shit Holy Shit , and nutrient Fight (Animal House 4400 6355 3025 3537). each of these quotes fit perfectly into the description of childlike and in consequence act out the impulses which as adults we suppress that the classic slapstick comedians possessed (Durgnat 72). Bluto continues to act wildly doing many th ings including falling off of a ladder severe to peep in a sorority window, crushing a beer can on his organize, shattering a guitar someone else is trying to play, and chugging an entire bottle of Jack Daniels and smashing it on a car.All of these actions are absurd and exaggerations of what any human might do in a similar scenario, yet all are perchance plausible. A last scene from Animal House that demonstrates the evolution of slapstick comedy begins with Bluto (Belushi) going through the lunch line where he stacks a ridiculous amount of food on his tray and in his pockets. While doing this he also stuffs enormous amounts of the food in his mouth, including a hamburger in one bite. He then proceeds to sit down at a table filled with some clean cut preppy students.There he is ridiculed for his eating habits and called a P. I. G. pig (Animal House 3435). In response to being classified as a pig, he hears to be a zit, stuffing his mouth with mashed potatoes and dot everybody a t the table by mashing his cheeks with his hands as seen in the following picture (Animal House 3455) The focus of the scene is the unrealistic quantity and grossly unhealthy quality of food Belushi eats as well as the animalistic, childish manner in which he feasts.Following the incident he proceeds to be chased around the cafeteria, ultimately ending in a brawl and food fight. The sequence of events in this scene all are extremely humorous, yet very childish and exaggerated beyond what any viewer would expect from a twenty year old man. However, all of the actions in the scene are perfectly capable of being true, making this portion of the film extremely humorous in its realistic slapstick fashion. Nearly a decade later, in 1987, Planes, Trains, and Automobiles featured John glass, some other overweight comedian.In this film, the progression of slapstick comedy continues paralleling Belushis contributions to the genre. sweeten acts extremely childish and wildly, yet his actions remain plausible, exhibiting similar humor to that of John Belushi. In Planes, Trains, and Automobiles Candys humor can deary be grasped in a scene on a commercial plane flight. On the plane, co-star Steve Martin has just been downgraded from first class to coach seating, and remembers his seat next to John Candy. It quickly becomes clear that Candy fills up way too much of the seat, creating an uncomfortable situation.To ground things worse Candy proceeds to germinate off his shoes in order to help relax, clearly releasing a disgusting odor observed by others in seats around him. He continues his gross movements by taking off his socks and spinning them around to air them out. When doing so, his dirty sock is very close to Steve Martins face, and based on the expression on Martins character it is clear that the sock smells wretched. This act is unbelievable, childish, and ridiculous, all similar characteristics of slapstick comedy.Later in Planes, Trains, and Automobiles, Joh n Candy continues to provide humor through another similar evolution of slapstick comedy, where he accidentally spills several beers on the bed in which he (who further fits on the bed alone because of his enormous frame) and a complete stranger share. The move is very careless and results in an incredibly uncomfortable situation that makes the sense of hearing laugh hysterically because of the continuation of unfortunate events all linked to Candys childish careless actions.A last scene from this film takes place in a letting car, after the duo (Martin and Candy) have managed to run into every problem possible on a trip to Chicago to get home for Thanksgiving. In the car, Candy attempts to get comfortable by tampering with the seat position. He uses the buttons on the side of the seat, jerking the seat around for a few minutes, failing to find a satisfactory position. Although Martin has persistently told him to stop and that he will break the seat, he continues on until ultimat ely he breaks the seat, making it uncomfortable and unmovable.Following the seat incident, he continues his path of destruction. After smoking a cigarette, he drops the butt out the window. However due to the wind, it blows into the fundament seat of the car ultimately sending the back seat up in flames and roasting the entire car. In this quick scene, Candy manages to act immaturely and rambunctiously resulting in the destruction of the car. The remains of slapstick comedy are clearly evident in this scene, climaxing with the unreasonable fate of the rental car.The absurdity of someone so overweight that he breaks a seat and the reality of seeing a car explode in flames seem like a moment from a slapstick cartoon, yet the film is completely plausible due to the overweight and clumsy nature of Candy. Following John Candys death in the early 1990s, Chris Farley emerged as the next overweight star, both on television receiver and in a few Hollywood films. His humor was similar to th at of John Candy and also very comparable to the works of John Belushi.In an article evaluate the life of Chris Farley following his death in Rolling Stone magazine, the author states we talked round his hero and Saturday Night Live predecessor, John Belushi. It was well known that Farley had been obsess with Belushi, and people loved making much of this fact, since the two seemed to share a love of genuine rather common excesses (Hedegaard 39). Looking at Tommy boy, produced in 1995, John Belushis influence on Chris Farley becomes apparent through Farleys role and performance in the film.In Tommy Boy, Chris Farley stars as the mavin, an immature and dimwitted heir to an auto parts factory who must bear on the business to keep it from take-over and away from evil relatives. Throughout the film, Farleys childish actions bring laughs to earreachs of all ages. To begin the film, Tommy (Chris Farley) is faten in a flashback as a young naturalise boy rushing to class, late as a lways. In this scene he runs full speed into a glass sliding door, shouting Holy Schnike (Tommy Boy 044). The film then skips several years and shows an older Tommy, in his seventh year of college.Although the older character is much larger (Chris Farley was very large), he reflects the young middle school version of Tommy because he is pictured doing the same action rushing to class (late again). In this scene, he is scene trying to take a short cut through some hedges, but runs full speed into a newly put up fence, hitting his head very hard and exclaiming Holy Schnike again (Tommy Boy 202). From these scenes which mesh together, we can clearly see the immaturity of the character, yet the viewer gets many laughs through the physical pain Farley endures.These actions take place in the first minute of the film, and really set the tone for the rest of the movie. In the film, Tommy is seen performing very foolishly on many accounts he consistently runs into sliding glass doors, he gets hit in the head with a two-by-four piece of construction wood, he hits his head on a forklift after not listening to his father say heads up, he slips and gets covered in intimidate manure when trying to go cow tipping, and he rips his friends blue blazer because he is too big for it. Consistently, Tommy releases very childish comments, and he is largely responsible for destroying his friends beloved car.In the film, the actions Farley takes mirror concepts that defined slapstick comedy. His childish and extreme actions are all very similar to this genre of comedy. Farley extends this comedy to make it more personal and relatable as the adorer becomes more developed. His actions are all very extreme and in many incidents would cause physical pain. Although painful or ridiculous, all actions that take place in the movie could take place in real-life, making the audience relate to the comedy. In one scene in particular, Tommy pushes the realm of reasonable office behavior.In a n attempt to sell auto products for his company, he acts out an anecdote with his customers nice model cars. In his story he gives two examples of how a similar scene could play out with two different brakes. In the first action, the car has on Callahan Brake Pads (his companys) and is able to stop in front of a obstructor that is suddenly in front of the car (a lighter also on the desk). While showing this action he has a complete narrative stating Youre drivin along, la-de-da, woo. All of a sudden theres a truck tire in the middle of the road. And you hit the brakes. EEEEEEEEEWhoa, that was close (Tommy Boy 3530). He then proceeds stating instantaneously lets see what happens when youre driving with the other guysdoes quotation marks with fingers brake pads. Youre drivin along, youre drivin along, the kids start shouting from the back seat, I gotta go to the bathroom, Daddy Not now, damn it transport tire. EEEEEEEE I CANT STOP (Tommy Boy 3545). He then rams the model car int o the lighter smashing the car of the customer. Farley then gets really into the story acting out voices of a narrator, the kids, the parents, and eventually the paramedics who respond to the scene.In the scene, some of his quotes include No I cant feel my legs Here comes the meat wagon And the medic gets out and says, Oh my God. New guys around the corner puking his guts out (Tommy Boy 3605). He also finishes the crash by setting the crushed car on fire with the lighter and calmly collects himself making his point casually stating All because you want to save a couple extra pennies (Tommy Boy 3620). This scene is a clear example of Farley taking over a scene that could have easily been functiond much more peacefully, maturely, and professionally.But the director and Chris Farley decided to execute the scene wildly and immaturely so that viewers see the scene in awe as they cannot believe how overdone he makes the episode. The film is full of scenes like this one, which leave th e audience in shock at how a human could act in such a manner. They key to the humor brought virtually in the film is much like that of Belushi and Candy, it remains believable although unlikely, all actions in the film could possibly occur in a persons life. Through aspect at these three overweight comedians we see the progression of the same genre of comedy.The slapstick comedy that first featured Charlie Chaplin and other silent film comedians progressed into slapstick comedy with audio, like the Three Stooges. Following the Three Stooges, the horseplay that was extreme and in many ways violent and not possible for a person to survive, died out. In return, several years later comedians like Belushi rediscovered the art of making a career out of horseplay in every film or television show in which they appeared. Following the mold Belushi made, many other actors have morphed their careers into similar roles.Through the years the importance of the overweight comedian has grown dra matically. In 1978, John Belushi was a minor character in Animal House. Although his few scenes (around a dozen) are the most memorable from the film, his role contained very few lines and he was never intend to be the star of the film. Looking forward nearly a decade later, John Candy in Planes, Trains, and Automobiles promoted his role to the supporting actor, though not the protagonist of the film.In this film, we learn much more about the character (a back story, his emotions, etc.) than we did of Belushi in Animal House. Belushis character, Bluto, has apparently been in college for several years and the odds of him graduating appear slim. some other than this, we have no other information on the character. For Candys character, Del, we find out much more about his life as a shower ring salesman as he appears in nearly every scene and is a much better developed character. Finally looking at Tommy Boy, released intimately two-decades after Belushi, the American audience sees th e fat wild character as the protagonist of the work.Chris Farleys character, Tommy, is the clear protagonist of the film (the film is even titled after the characters name). Farleys character has a well developed character, as the viewer is well informed of the characters entire family and Tommys flaws and strengths. Why Overweight? Following in the footsteps of the unrealistic, unsurvivable slapstick comedy to the more plausible realistic feature films, the role of the fat comedian progressed to the center of the film. Perhaps the movement towards realism reflects Americans recognition of their own overweight society.The United States is the worlds most obese country. In an attempt to explain this epidemic, Greg Critser published Fat Land How Americans became the fattest people in the world. This work highlights new research that claims threepenny fats and sugars as the source which causes our calories to stick and shows why children are too often the chief metabolic culprits of s uch foods. He clearly claims that we (Americans) have been telling ourselves lies about how much we can eat and how little we can exercise.He attempts to expose the nutritional value (or lack thereof) in schools as well as political and pagan forces that have caused Americans fitness to continue to decrease (Critser 23). Critser debunks all eating patterns and even diet books in an attempt to explain why they do not work and only supplement the obesity problem in the United States. Although a slightly humorous book, Critsers message is very serious the lack of a balanced nutritional diet (which he provides to the best of his understanding) and reduced exercise has set a death trap for many people in America, leading to an obesity problem.Hollywood has capitalized on the acceptability of overweight people, and has used and continues to use actors bearing this unhealthy lifestyle in order to provide entertainment (usually humorous) to the United States (Critser 25). The comedians exp lored in the previous pages share one common obvious trait, their weight. John Belushi, John Candy, and Chris Farley were all obese. The reason why they were overweight will never be fully understood, whether it was genetics, poor eating, lack of exercise, pressures of society, or bad habits. The fact is that all these men were huge, and remained large until their respective deaths.Not only were all of these men overweight, they were also well loved. In a People Magazine article following the death of John Candy, the author concludes in the end, of course, no one can say for certain whether diet and self-denial would have prolonged Candys life a single day. Only one thing is sure Already Candy is missed (Harmes 97). likewise in a Canadian magazine an author begins While all of us feel as though weve lost someone we knew personally, showing another example of the attachment fans had with such comedians (Candy in both of these instances) (The Untimely Passing 9).Like Candy, Chris Far ley had his fair share of praises in a Rolling Stone Magazine stating almost everyone loved Farley, and it was a genuine love, not a Hollywood love (Hedegaard 40). Through these accounts praising the lives of such overweight comedians, it becomes clear that the actors really affiliated with their audience and gained a sincere affection from their fans. The love they generated came through both the laughs they consistently provided America as well as their big loving air.Perhaps people connected with the characters because they thought their enormous build made them more resilient and therefore they could endure the slapstick comedy they provided. Maybe the reason they were admired was because their large appearance was not the typical Hollywood Barbie-like figure that so many stars posses, but a reflection of how America really looks overweight. Or, perhaps their size made them more human because they embodied the flaws in all of us. By the simple act of laughing at and with them, the audience is put at ease and feels better about their own shortcomings.In any case, the success of these comedians came through their realistic appearance on stage. The people and actions in these films could occur in everyday American lives. The men were not living a sophisticated lifestyle and did not have special skills they portrayed an overweight male (which is common in the United States) and shined in immature and physical humor evolving the slapstick genre that has been a staple of American comedy films since their beginning a century ago.

Economic Justification for High Salaries in Sport

Justification of the grand salaries gainful to some purloin athletes an economic perspective. everyplace the last degree centigrade thither has been much research into the bea of Labour economics, and and so the determinants of supply, film and lucres for working class. In this essay, I bequeath be flavour at the preposterous example of the variations Labour Market with detail focus on the European Football Market, and use various economic good examples to justify the huge salaries currently offered to backsheesh athletes within this field.The wages of professional footballers befool get upn dramatically since the Bosman ruling in December 1995, in which EU football players were pre pithptuousness the right to afree pitchat the end of their contracts, with the provision that they were transferring from a corporation within iodine EU Association to a club within another(prenominal) EU Association (European Commission, 2012).This has been supported by various st udies, including (Simmons, 1997), who argued that the move towards a free agency had the consequent impact of increasing players salaries, as the forg genius transfer fees render into increased salaries, since the bargaining power is transferred to the player. This was reinforced by (D receiveward, 2000) who found that post-Bosman, the wages within the United Kingdoms Premier fusion rose considerably.However, these findings difference of opinion with other studies conducted, including (Szymanski, 1999), who argued that the new ruling only lead to increased wages for superstar players who have the greatest bargaining power, and that it did not imprint the wages for the mediocre player. During this essay I leave first discuss the basic economic principles relating to the repulse market place, and subsequently introduce various feignings developed with specific focus on the sports lying-in market. Demand for labour is derived demand because it is dependent on the demand for t he final product that the labour produces (R.Sandy, 2004). The conventional assume utilize to analyse wage determinants states that the demand for labour is dependent on the Marginal Revenue Product of Labour (MRP) which is the change in revenue that results from the addition of unitary extra unit of measurement (employee) when all other factors are kept equal (Investopedia, 2012). In the field of sport, the industry is in a real sense marketing its athletes, hence the demand for labour is dependent on the athletes product which could be viewed as his or her contribution towards the throngs win column. The value of a win to the ports privilege is dependent on how the fans respond when the squad wins more than games. This value could be realised through the many revenue streams that sports dealerships currently operate, possibly most notably in the counterfeit of increased slate sales, increased spending on merchandise and prize money. The Standard vex or Perfect Compet ition Model for wage determinants assumes that the sports franchise will operate at the profit maximising level of output, i. e. when the last unit of labour that is added adds as much to the firms revenues as to its cost MRPL = MCL as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 PC Model Revenue and cost Marginal Wage embody ARP MRP Employment of labour However, there are many limitations to this model, as the labour market for agonistic athletes is far more complex. One basic argument against this model is that if in a perfectly competitive industry firms ready abnormal cyberspace, it assumes that more firms will enter the market and diminish these returns. Nonethe little, there are huge barriers to entry in the professional sports industry, and exemption of entry and expiry does not exist.If we look at the Premier League for example, each club typically has a local monopoly, and due to the nature of the market, one firm whitethorn bid up the price of labour as it hires more units, hence in the sense it could be viewed as a monopsonistic market (R. Sandy, 2004). Furthermore, there is dubiety over quality, as sports teams have uncertainty over both the new players they hire and even experienced players and in the PC model the quality of labour is assumed to be known to the firm. Also due to long-term contracts it is im come-at- equal to predict how their skills will deteriorate or improve ver that termination and if any injuries will occur. Furthermore, Players have to learn the weaknesses and strengths of their team-mates and to coordinate their strategies. A group of players who have been together for years will be much more impressive than a group of equally givinged individuals who have just been assembled into a team (R. Sandy, 2004). When establishing a suitable model to justify the enormous wages paid to some top athletes, we should first consider some basic economic principles. By definition, Star players are scarce hence the supply of these star players is passing inelastic.This in itself would lard the wage of these players, as the supply of top talent is very limited. To add a unit of player quality the team has to succumb a high price than it paid for its last unit of quality (Robinsion, 2012). However, it has been suggested that the labour supply curve has be accompany more elastic since the globalisation of the sports labour market. Sherwin Rosens seminal 1981 paper on the economics of superstars asked the question why comparatively small numbers of people earn enormous amounts of money and await to dominate the handle in which they engage. Rosen suggests that in superstar markets, small differences in talent at the top of the distribution will translate into large differences in revenue (Rosen, 1981). This suggests that the MRP of labour in sports, accelerates at an almost exponential rate as talent or quality increases, and profit-maximisers will operate where MRPL = MCL, hence leaders to high salaries. Rosen simplex in sight was that sellers of higher talent charge only slightly higher prices than those of lower talent, but sell much larger quantities their great earnings come overwhelmingly from selling larger quantities than from charging higher prices.This was tested empirically on the Italian League by Simmons & Lucifora in 2003 and the findings were consistent with Rosens hypothesis, and found that relatively small number of per reasons dominate their industry and earn a disproportionate share of revenue (Simmons C. L. , 2003). Furthermore, in a study conducted by (Depken, 2000), it was found that mathematical operation whitethorn be affected by the dispersion of pay within teams. Hefound, empirically, that less salary discrepancy resulted in greater team cohesiveness and more efficient team production.Another justification given for these huge salaries has been deemed the Demonstration Effect. This is a positiveexternality in the sense that a team which hires a superstar may raise the r evenues of other teams in the league. This was found by Hausman and Leonard (1997) who established that the presence of a superstar such as Michael Jordan can have a material effect on the number of viewers watching NBA basketball games and increase other teams revenue as well as his own (Leonard, 1997). Perhaps one of the most important factors relating to salaries is the underlying motive of owners.There have been various views on whether owners certainly employ a service program maximation or profit maximisation strategy, and in the European Football industry, it could be argued that both forms exist. Gerald Scully investigated the theoretical relationship between a clubs sweet percentage, ticket prices, attention and profits. He stated that the marginal cost of acquiring player talent (T) is given by MC(T). Also, the demand for wins depends on thesize of the franchise market and the cinch of fans demand for wins.In this model the term we represents a increasing winning p ercentage where MC(T) = MR(T), the marginal revenue derived from a particular level of talent, with Te being the profit-maximising level of talent required to produce this outcome. This can be shown in Figure 2 Figure 2 Scullys Model Price / Cost Te MC(T) P C D(T) MR(T) Win percentage W2 We W1 However, play success has a random component due to injuries, mistakes by the referee, or a mate between managerial skills and players.Thus, there is a range of win percentages associated with Te talent such as w1 w2. In turn this range gives rise to regeneration in attendance between A1 and A2 in Figure 3. To show the relationship between profit and win percentage Scully uses Figure 4. He shows a crosswise line ? = 0 which describes the clubs break-even point. He as well as makes the assumption that costs other than talent are fixed. Since Scully assumes that revenue is proportional to the teams winning percentage, as indicated by ? T) in Figure 3, but that costs are fixed for the seas on, teams will make positive profits for winning percentages supra or death to the profit maximising level, we, as shown by ? 0 Attendance Profit Figure 3Figure 4 ?(T) = TR ? TC A ?3 A3 ?2 A2 ?0 ?1 A1 Win percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 Win Percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 On the other hand, there are some criticisms to this model. Firstly, considering European Football, clubs also compete in European competitions, therefore giving incentive to have T Te. In addition, Scullys model focuses on the proportion of games won.Fans may be more fire in their team contending for a championship. These are not the same hence in an evenly balanced league a team with nearly 50% wins could be in contention while in a highly grim league a team with 60% wins could be out of contention. The utility maximisation model was introduced by Peter Sloane in 1971, and he viewed that in the result of football this model was intuitively the most likable in since we may regard football as a consumption activity (Sloane, 1971). In Sloanes model the utility U of an owner is a function, u, of playing success outlined as the percentage of wins, (w) average attendance which adds to the spectacle and atmosphere (a) the competitive balance of the league defined as the standard deviation of league-wide winning percentages (x) having attractive opponents increases the raise in games and after tax profits minus the threshold level of profit required to stay in business (x) profits add to the stableness of the club and help to attract star players.Thus Utility Maximisation is the function denoted by U = u (w, a, x, ? ), subject to ? r 0 + taxes where ? r equals actual profits and ? 0 equals minimum profits. Both ? r and ? 0 may in fact be negative, in which case the taxes due would be zero. This is possible where the club has access to external sources of finance (f). In this model, the owner might weight each component of the function differently hence if the owner puts a high weight on w then they will be prepare d to trade off some rofit (or make losses) in order to hold additional playing success. Sloanes model is perhaps even more relevant today, as there has been a new-fangled bring down for billionaires to acquire football clubs and spend unprecedented amounts on talent, purely to maximise the amount of wins. Implications of this model could also be used to describe the financial derangement of some clubs, and the unbalanced performance of many European Leagues. Figure 5 Sloane ModelReturns and cost of winning L D TC C TRL L S B TRS S A 0 WL Ws WL Ws Win Percentage This result is illustrated in Figure 5, which compares a long city club, L, with a small city club, S, competing in a two-team league. As with the Scully model, it is assumed that costs of producing wins rises linearly and are identical for both clubs. Returns to winning rise initially at an increasing rate, but then at a decreasing rate as interest wanes if a team wins too often.The good returns to winning inventory for a large city team TRL lies above that for a small city team TRS as the larger population catchment plain in the former case means that the large city team will attract more spectators for any given winning percentage. The financial dissymmetry arises from the zero sum nature of the wins within the league. If the large city team wins more often, denoted by L, this means that the small city team will win less often, denoted by S. Thus the success of one club will drive the other into the area of loss making (anywhere down the stairs TC).Due to the different regulations and restrictions, there is no one-size fits all model, but in the case of European Football, the most influential factor relating to players wages is the motives of the owner. Many high pen clubs in recent times have been criticised for spending endless sums of money to bring in the talent to enable them to win. Perhaps most notably, in the case of Chelsea, Roman Abromavich complete spending has surpassed 1bn (Jackson, 2012) , and Chelsea has consistently reported losses with Abramovichs sole mission of wanting to win the European Champions League.When looking at Sloanes model, it could be viewed that in the case of utility maximisation, that Abramovich puts heavy weighting on the winning aspect of the function, with little or no emphasis on profits, and perhaps in this out of date example, it could be viewed that he has no have a maximum loss. To overcome this growing trend, UEFA have implemented new rules regarding Financial graceful Play which includes an responsibleness for clubs, over a period of time, to balance their books or break even.Under the concept, clubs cannot repeatedly spend more than their generated revenues, and clubs will be obliged to couple all their transfer and employee payment commitments at all times (UEFA, 2012) . This would be a new factor that needs to be introduced into economic models. Furthermore, it could be viewed that the tralatitious business mod el of Football clubs is changing, as in the case of David Beckham, the increased merchandise sales realised by Real Madrid and LA beetleweed has meant that they have been able to justify his huge salaries ased on the marginal revenue product that he generates. Some superstars can have huge impacts on franchises add revenue, as set forth in the superstar effect, and clubs are forced to pay all players huge salaries to prevent underperformance due to pay disparity. Bibliography Ross Jackson. (2012, 02 01). Goal. com. Retrieved from http//www. goal. com/en-gb/news/2896/premier-league/2012/02/01/2879167/roman-abramovichs-chelsea-spending-surpasses-1-billion Depken, C. (2000). Wage disparity and team productiveness evidence from major. Economics Letters 67 . Downward, P. . (2000). The Economics of Professional Team Sports. London Routledge. European Commission. (2012, 12 02). White Paper on Sport. Retrieved from The Organisation of Sport http//ec. europa. eu/sport/white-paper/swd-the- organisation-of-sport_en. htm4_2 Investopedia. (2012, 12 02). Marginal Revenue Product. Retrieved from http//www. investopedia. com/terms/m/marginal-revenue-product-mrp. aspaxzz2Duw8EOwf Leonard, J. H. (1997). Superstars in the NBA. daybook of Labour Economics . R. Sandy, P. S. (2004). The Economics of Sport An outside(a) Perspective.New York Palgrave Macmillan. Robinsion, T. (2012). The Labour Market for Players Lecture. Manchester. Rosen, S. (1981). The Economics of Superstars. The American Economic Review . Simmons. (1997). Implications of the Bosman Ruling. Economic Affairs , 13-18. Simmons, C. L. (2003). Superstar Effects in Sport tell apart From Italian Soccer. Journal of Sports Economics . Sloane, P. J. (1971). The Economics of Professional Football The Football Club As A Utility Maximiser. Scottish Journal of Political parsimoniousness . Szymanski, K. &. (1999). Winners and Losers. London Penguin.Economic Justification for High Salaries in SportJustification of the huge salaries paid to some top athletes an economic perspective. Over the last century there has been much research into the area of Labour Economics, and hence the determinants of supply, demand and wages for labour. In this essay, I will be looking at the unique example of the Sports Labour Market with specific focus on the European Football Market, and use various economic models to justify the huge salaries currently offered to top athletes within this field.The wages of professional footballers have risen dramatically since the Bosman ruling in December 1995, in which EU football players were given the right to afree transferat the end of their contracts, with the provision that they were transferring from a club within one EU Association to a club within another EU Association (European Commission, 2012).This has been supported by various studies, including (Simmons, 1997), who argued that the move towards a free agency had the consequent impact of increasing players salaries, as the forgone transfer fees translate into increased salaries, since the bargaining power is transferred to the player. This was reinforced by (Downward, 2000) who found that post-Bosman, the wages within the United Kingdoms Premier League rose considerably.However, these findings conflict with other studies conducted, including (Szymanski, 1999), who argued that the new ruling only lead to increased wages for superstar players who have the greatest bargaining power, and that it did not affect the wages for the average player. During this essay I will first discuss the basic economic principles relating to the labour market, and subsequently introduce various models developed with specific focus on the sports labour market. Demand for labour is derived demand because it is dependent on the demand for the final product that the labour produces (R.Sandy, 2004). The conventional model used to analyse wage determinants states that the demand for labour is dependent on the Marginal Revenue Product of Labour (MRP) which is the change in revenue that results from the addition of one extra unit (employee) when all other factors are kept equal (Investopedia, 2012). In the field of sport, the industry is in a real sense selling its athletes, hence the demand for labour is dependent on the athletes product which could be viewed as his or her contribution towards the teams win column. The value of a win to the ports franchise is dependent on how the fans respond when the team wins more games. This value could be realised through the many revenue streams that sports franchises currently operate, perhaps most notably in the form of increased ticket sales, increased spending on merchandise and prize money. The Standard Model or Perfect Competition Model for wage determinants assumes that the sports franchise will operate at the profit maximising level of output, i. e. when the last unit of labour that is added adds as much to the firms revenues as to its costs MRPL = MCL as s hown in Figure 1.Figure 1 PC Model Revenue and cost Marginal Wage Cost ARP MRP Employment of labour However, there are many limitations to this model, as the labour market for competitive athletes is far more complex. One basic argument against this model is that if in a perfectly competitive industry firms earn abnormal profits, it assumes that more firms will enter the market and diminish these returns. Nonetheless, there are huge barriers to entry in the professional sports industry, and freedom of entry and exit does not exist.If we look at the Premier League for example, each club typically has a local monopoly, and due to the nature of the market, one firm may bid up the price of labour as it hires more units, hence in the sense it could be viewed as a monopsonistic market (R. Sandy, 2004). Furthermore, there is uncertainty over quality, as sports teams have uncertainty over both the new players they hire and even experienced players and in the PC model the quality of labour i s assumed to be known to the firm. Also due to long-term contracts it is impossible to predict how their skills will deteriorate or improve ver that period and if any injuries will occur. Furthermore, Players have to learn the weaknesses and strengths of their team-mates and to coordinate their strategies. A group of players who have been together for years will be much more effective than a group of equally talented individuals who have just been assembled into a team (R. Sandy, 2004). When establishing a suitable model to justify the enormous wages paid to some top athletes, we should first consider some basic economic principles. By definition, Star players are scarce hence the supply of these star players is highly inelastic.This in itself would inflate the wage of these players, as the supply of top talent is very limited. To add a unit of player quality the team has to pay a higher price than it paid for its last unit of quality (Robinsion, 2012). However, it has been suggeste d that the labour supply curve has become more elastic since the globalisation of the sports labour market. Sherwin Rosens seminal 1981 paper on the economics of superstars asked the question why relatively small numbers of people earn enormous amounts of money and seem to dominate the fields in which they engage. Rosen suggests that in superstar markets, small differences in talent at the top of the distribution will translate into large differences in revenue (Rosen, 1981). This suggests that the MRP of labour in sports, accelerates at an almost exponential rate as talent or quality increases, and profit-maximisers will operate where MRPL = MCL, hence leading to high salaries. Rosen simple insight was that sellers of higher talent charge only slightly higher prices than those of lower talent, but sell much larger quantities their greater earnings come overwhelmingly from selling larger quantities than from charging higher prices.This was tested empirically on the Italian League b y Simmons & Lucifora in 2003 and the findings were consistent with Rosens hypothesis, and found that relatively small number of performers dominate their industry and earn a disproportionate share of revenue (Simmons C. L. , 2003). Furthermore, in a study conducted by (Depken, 2000), it was found that performance may be affected by the dispersion of pay within teams. Hefound, empirically, that less salary disparity resulted in greater team cohesiveness and more efficient team production.Another justification given for these huge salaries has been deemed the Demonstration Effect. This is a positiveexternality in the sense that a team which hires a superstar may raise the revenues of other teams in the league. This was found by Hausman and Leonard (1997) who established that the presence of a superstar such as Michael Jordan can have a substantial effect on the number of viewers watching NBA basketball games and increase other teams revenue as well as his own (Leonard, 1997). Perhaps one of the most important factors relating to salaries is the underlying motive of owners.There have been various views on whether owners actually employ a utility maximisation or profit maximisation strategy, and in the European Football industry, it could be argued that both forms exist. Gerald Scully investigated the theoretical relationship between a clubs winning percentage, ticket prices, attendance and profits. He stated that the marginal cost of acquiring player talent (T) is given by MC(T). Also, the demand for wins depends on thesize of the franchise market and the elasticity of fans demand for wins.In this model the term we represents a profit-maximising winning percentage where MC(T) = MR(T), the marginal revenue derived from a particular level of talent, with Te being the profit-maximising level of talent required to produce this outcome. This can be shown in Figure 2 Figure 2 Scullys Model Price / Cost Te MC(T) P C D(T) MR(T) Win percentage W2 We W1 However, playing s uccess has a random component due to injuries, mistakes by the referee, or a mismatch between managerial skills and players.Thus, there is a range of win percentages associated with Te talent such as w1 w2. In turn this range gives rise to variation in attendance between A1 and A2 in Figure 3. To show the relationship between profit and win percentage Scully uses Figure 4. He shows a horizontal line ? = 0 which describes the clubs break-even point. He also makes the assumption that costs other than talent are fixed. Since Scully assumes that revenue is proportional to the teams winning percentage, as indicated by ? T) in Figure 3, but that costs are fixed for the season, teams will make positive profits for winning percentages above or close to the profit maximising level, we, as shown by ? 0 Attendance Profit Figure 3Figure 4 ?(T) = TR ? TC A ?3 A3 ?2 A2 ?0 ?1 A1 Win percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 Win Percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 On the other hand, there are some criticisms to this model. Firstly , considering European Football, clubs also compete in European competitions, therefore giving incentive to have T Te. In addition, Scullys model focuses on the proportion of games won.Fans may be more interested in their team contending for a championship. These are not the same hence in an evenly balanced league a team with nearly 50% wins could be in contention while in a highly unbalanced league a team with 60% wins could be out of contention. The utility maximisation model was introduced by Peter Sloane in 1971, and he viewed that in the case of football this model was intuitively the most appealing in since we may regard football as a consumption activity (Sloane, 1971).In Sloanes model the utility U of an owner is a function, u, of playing success defined as the percentage of wins, (w) average attendance which adds to the spectacle and atmosphere (a) the competitive balance of the league defined as the standard deviation of league-wide winning percentages (x) having attractiv e opponents increases the interest in games and after tax profits minus the threshold level of profit required to stay in business (x) profits add to the stability of the club and help to attract star players.Thus Utility Maximisation is the function denoted by U = u (w, a, x, ? ), subject to ? r 0 + taxes where ? r equals actual profits and ? 0 equals minimum profits. Both ? r and ? 0 may in fact be negative, in which case the taxes due would be zero. This is possible where the club has access to external sources of finance (f). In this model, the owner might weight each component of the function differently hence if the owner puts a high weight on w then they will be prepared to trade off some rofit (or make losses) in order to secure additional playing success. Sloanes model is perhaps even more relevant today, as there has been a recent trend for billionaires to acquire football clubs and spend unprecedented amounts on talent, purely to maximise the amount of wins. Implications of this model could also be used to describe the financial instability of some clubs, and the unbalanced performance of many European Leagues. Figure 5 Sloane ModelReturns and cost of winning L D TC C TRL L S B TRS S A 0 WL Ws WL Ws Win Percentage This result is illustrated in Figure 5, which compares a big city club, L, with a small city club, S, competing in a two-team league. As with the Scully model, it is assumed that costs of producing wins rises linearly and are identical for both clubs. Returns to winning rise initially at an increasing rate, but then at a decreasing rate as interest wanes if a team wins too often.The total returns to winning schedule for a large city team TRL lies above that for a small city team TRS as the larger population catchment area in the former case means that the large city team will attract more spectators for any given winning percentage. The financial instability arises from the zero sum nature of the wins within the league. If the large city team wins more often, denoted by L, this means that the small city team will win less often, denoted by S. Thus the success of one club will drive the other into the area of loss making (anywhere below TC).Due to the different regulations and restrictions, there is no one-size fits all model, but in the case of European Football, the most influential factor relating to players wages is the motives of the owner. Many high profile clubs in recent times have been criticised for spending endless sums of money to bring in the talent to enable them to win. Perhaps most notably, in the case of Chelsea, Roman Abromavich total spending has surpassed 1bn (Jackson, 2012) , and Chelsea has consistently reported losses with Abramovichs sole mission of wanting to win the European Champions League.When looking at Sloanes model, it could be viewed that in the case of utility maximisation, that Abramovich puts heavy weighting on the winning aspect of the function, with little or no emphasis on prof its, and perhaps in this rare example, it could be viewed that he has no have a maximum loss. To overcome this growing trend, UEFA have implemented new rules regarding Financial Fair Play which includes an obligation for clubs, over a period of time, to balance their books or break even.Under the concept, clubs cannot repeatedly spend more than their generated revenues, and clubs will be obliged to meet all their transfer and employee payment commitments at all times (UEFA, 2012) . This would be a new factor that needs to be introduced into economic models. Furthermore, it could be viewed that the traditional business model of Football clubs is changing, as in the case of David Beckham, the increased merchandise sales realised by Real Madrid and LA Galaxy has meant that they have been able to justify his huge salaries ased on the marginal revenue product that he generates. Some superstars can have huge impacts on franchises total revenue, as described in the superstar effect, and c lubs are forced to pay all players huge salaries to prevent underperformance due to pay disparity. Bibliography Ross Jackson. (2012, 02 01). Goal. com. Retrieved from http//www. goal. com/en-gb/news/2896/premier-league/2012/02/01/2879167/roman-abramovichs-chelsea-spending-surpasses-1-billion Depken, C. (2000). Wage disparity and team productivity evidence from major. Economics Letters 67 . Downward, P. . (2000). The Economics of Professional Team Sports. London Routledge. European Commission. (2012, 12 02). White Paper on Sport. Retrieved from The Organisation of Sport http//ec. europa. eu/sport/white-paper/swd-the-organisation-of-sport_en. htm4_2 Investopedia. (2012, 12 02). Marginal Revenue Product. Retrieved from http//www. investopedia. com/terms/m/marginal-revenue-product-mrp. aspaxzz2Duw8EOwf Leonard, J. H. (1997). Superstars in the NBA. Journal of Labour Economics . R. 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