Military Strategies of of the I.R.A. During the Anglo Irish War of Independence, 1919-21 Essay

At the outbreak of hostilities it was apparent that the I. R. A. could not hope to win a traditional stand up military fight against a modern, well equipped army with the financial backing of The British Empire. In order to engage the crown forces in a guerrilla war, weapons and ammunition were required in large numbers. General Head Quarters (G. H. Q. ) authorized smuggling operations and had sent volunteers abroad to procure arms. G. H. Q. sold arms to the individual units, many of which were hampered in their operational status due to lack of funding to purchase weapons and ammunition. As the war progressed many Royal Irish Constabulary (R. I. C. ) barracks and the Crowns Tax Offices were attacked and burned. GHQ issued a general raid order in September of 1920. The primary objective the Volunteers attacks on isolated R. I. C. barracks were to obtain arms and ammunition. Many of these barracks were poorly defended and usually consisted of terraced houses. In order to disrupt the governance of rural areas, tax offices were targeted. These targets allowed collection of funds from the local populace that were to be appropriated to the Crown. These tactics were adopted by many units when news of the initial successes of these barracks and tax office attacks filtered out, throughout the country. The volunteers embarked on a campaign of Intimidation of R. I. C men and their families, and members of the general public who supported the crown forces, many of which were shot. This tactic was extremely effective at reducing the morale of the R. I. C. Recruitment dropped and resignations increased in the organization The R. I. C. retreated to larger towns after it was decided to evacuate may rural barracks. This tactic led to large parts of rural Ireland becoming ungovernable. This allowed the Dail to implement their much heralded Courts System, collect taxes and implement civil control. Most units at the start of the war appeared to act independently without central command control. Attacks on Crown Forces were sporadic in nature and were badly planned. Inexperience of many of the men in these units led to many failed operations Many units operations amounted to sabotage by digging trenches in roads, de-railing trains, cutting of communications lines, snipping at barracks and personnel. Even the most poorly equipped and inactive units could engage in many of these tactics. The effectiveness of military actions conducted varied widely accordingly to geographic location. Areas like South Tipperary, East Limerick and Cork were particularly active, while areas such as Wexford, Mayo and Waterford had low turnout and low activity. Cite. Meeting and Drilling after the day’s work was done, amounted to the extent of some volunteers actions for the duration of the war cite The willingness of volunteers to risk their safety was also another factor which hindered operations in many units. Volunteers who possessed weapons especially rifles were usually picked to partake in operations over volunteers who did not. The men who possessed guns gained experience on active operations and were given higher status within units. In many areas this led to a cycle of a select group of men getting more and more experience on active service, while men who had no weapons remained inactive were not gaining any such experience. To alleviate this some units introduced rotational systems were guns and ammunition were stored in a central weapons dump. Access to weapons dumps could only be gotten after permission from the units Quarter Master was given. Activity of units depended largely on the membership and the professionalism of their commanding officers. Traditionally commanding officers were elected and appointed by their members. Electoral decisions appeared to be based on the social standing of the officers, family traditions and whether the men liked them or not. Many units were hampered in their operations as officers would not authorize actions as they feared for their own safety or were incompetent in planning and action. To instil discipline and a sense of military professionalism G. H. Q. sent organizers out to instruct and train these officers and units that they commanded. Training camps were set up to properly instruct officers and volunteers. The military discipline in these camps was strictly enforced and the training was particularly gruelling. When men returned to their units, they were expected to instil similar discipline within the rank and file. Discipline was to be rigorously introduced by commanding officers and military punishment meted out for infractions. Formal reporting structures were introduced and all commanders were expected to submit reports to the central authority of G. H. Q. on a regular basis. These reports were analysed by G. H. Q. and orders were issued to individual units. This strategy led to a more centralized planning and intelligence apparatus. Ultimately G. H. Q. decided to set up divisions with respective commanders, in attempt to coordinate the activities of the volunteers within bordering brigade areas. These attempts at introducing a modern military structure into the different units were mostly successful, although highly active units such as South Tipperary maintained a more independent existence until the end of the war. Initially the volunteers had a very high tolerance to violence and did not want to be involved in operations that led to murder. This tolerance was eroded of the course of the war as reprisals by the crown forces, led to many civilian atrocities throughout the country. As the casualties list rose, public opinion turned against the British Government. This was galvanized by reports that started to appear in newspapers internationally and in London G. H. Q. published the details of many of these reprisals in their publication their political journal t-Oglach. The publications also included details of military tactics and so also functioned as a training manual for the volunteers. After the introduction of The Restoration of Order Act in August 1920 the and the introduction of martial law in the South in 1921, attacks and reprisals against the civilian population increased. The arrival of the much hated quais military/police forces which later became known as the Black and Tans in March 1920 and the Axillaries the following July exasperated the situation and led to increased militancy in the volunteer force and the general population. Support for the volunteers steadily grew and the general population assisted them with funds, safe houses and intelligence. As a result of police crackdowns and further arrests of suspected volunteers, the continued raids on civilian houses, many volunteers went on the run. By mid 1921 there were over 4,000 suspects interned. Many men who were on the run went on to form the celebrated flying columns. These columns consisted of 20 highly armed men, who would attack patrols by laying ambushes on roads, and then melting back into the countryside. Tom Barry was commanding officer of the 3rd (West) Cork Brigade, which was a particularly effective flying column. They were responsible for many successful attacks on military personnel. On 28th of Nov. 1920 they wiped out an Auxiliary regiment in Kilmicheal, Co. Cork killing nearly a whole platoon. In reprisals the Black and Tans burned the City of Cork on 11th of Dec. There were many other tactics used by the I. R. A. during the war, examples include targeting prominent members of the British Establishment and Intelligence for assignation, it is beyond the remit of this short essay to explore these in their entirety. The ultimate goal of these operations and tactics were to disrupt and demoralize the administration of British Rule. After Bloody Sunday the British Intelligence Network was effectively non-existent which the I. R. A. took full advantage of, by actively engaging Crown Forces in the capital while sending out their own armed patrols in select parts of the city. As we can see at the start of the war the Volunteers were a highly disorganized and poorly equipped force. Through the use of guerrilla hit and run tactics, they made the most of their limitations to disrupt and demoralize the crown forces. After G. H. Q. exerted a central command and military structure the volunteers became a more ruthless and successful in active operations. Ultimately the British Establishment appeared to have overestimated the numbers of active members and their access to weapons. If their intelligence apparatus had not been infiltrated and disrupted by the I. R. A. the Crowns military campaign may have been more effective, and they may have continued the war which would have pushed the I. R. A, to the limits of their abilities and resources. G. H. Q. played a pivotal role in forming public opinion through their domestic publication t-Oglach and releasing accounts of civilian casualties and atrocities to foreign correspondents, effectively winning the propaganda war. It is doubtful whether the isolated regional active units would have been as effective without the co-ordination and leadership of G. H. Q. The organization of operations and centralization of command by G. H. Q. , may have been the deciding factor in the War, although many units remained in a state of disarray and were badly equipped for the duration of the war. As a measure of the success and effectiveness of operations conducted, I. R. A. guerrilla tactics became a blue print for many revolutionary forces around the World.

Bone Collector Questions

A crime scene investigator might indicate the scale of evidence in photos by using common tools like cigarette packs, ballpoint pens, or car keys as points of reference. They also use rulers, probably for measuring. 2. Sketches of the scene are Important because they show the relationship of each item of evidence to other Items/the body. Photos offer more detail than a video. A sketch artist might note a specific detail that might not be seen that will help find the suspect In a crime; also, sketches provide the exact graphic coordinates of an Item. Ata minimum, areas that a crime scene will include are the exact spot where the offense took place, areas from which the site can be entered, exited, or escaped, and locations of key pieces of evidence. 4. Math skills relate to crime scene Investigations because In both, thinking Is Involved, as well as planning, to find the right answer, or In this case, the suspect. Also, Investigators look at all pieces of evidence In a crime scene, an d we as students look at all the clues In a word problem when we try to figure It out.For example, an Investigator might use the distance formula when figuring out how many steps the suspect took from point X to point Y. Or, might use trigonometry for finding out angles, like how wide the door was open when the suspect escaped. 5. Math is important. 1. In photographs, how might a crime scene investigator indicate the scale of evidence found? A crime scene investigator might indicate the scale of evidence in photos by using common tools like cigarette packs, ballpoint pens, or car keys as points of reference.They also use rulers, probably for measuring. 2. Why is it important to create sketches of a scene (instead of using only photos and video)? What might a sketch artist note? Sketches of the scene are important because they show the relationship of each item of evidence to other items/the body. Photos offer more detail than a video. A sketch artist might note a specific detail tha t might not be seen that will help find the suspect in a crime; also, sketches provide the exact graphic coordinates of an item. . Ata minimum, what areas does a crime scene include? At a minimum, areas that a crime scene will include are the exact spot where the offense took place, areas from which the site can be entered, exited, or escaped, and locations of key pieces of evidence. 4. How do you think math skills relate to crime scene investigation? How might an investigator use geometry and math skills? Give examples.Math skills relate to crime scene Investigations because in both, thinking Is Involved, as well as planning, to find the right answer, or In this case, the suspect. Also, Investigators look at all pieces of evidence In a crime scene, and we as students look at all the clues in a word problem when we try to figure It out. For example, an Investigator might use the distance formula when figuring out how many steps the suspect took from point X to point Y.Or, heshe migh t use trigonometry for finding out angles, Like how wide the door was open when the suspect escaped. Bone Collector Questions By Beaujolais important because they show the relationship of each item of evidence to other items/the body. Photos offer more detail than a video. A sketch artist might note a specific detail that might not be seen that will help find the suspect in a crime; also, ketches provide the exact graphic coordinates of an item. 3. Ata minimum, areas evidence. 4.Math skills relate to crime scene investigations because in both, thinking is involved, as well as planning, to find the right answer, or in this case, the suspect. Also, investigators look at all pieces of evidence in a crime scene, and we as students look at all the clues in a word problem when we try to figure it out. For example, an investigator might use the distance formula when figuring out how many steps the suspect took from point X to point Y. Or, heshe might use trigonometry for examples.Math skil ls relate to crime scene investigations because in both, thinking is involved, as well as planning, to find the right answer, or in this case, the suspect. Also, investigators look at all pieces of evidence in a crime scene, and we as students look at all the clues in a word problem when we try to figure it out. For example, an investigator might use the distance formula when figuring out how many steps the suspect took from point X to point Y. Or, hexes might use trigonometry for finding out angles, like how wide the door was open when the suspect escaped.

Impact of consequences of globalization on consumers Research Paper

Impact of consequences of globalization on consumers - Research Paper Example Currently, increased migration of people has turned the world into a global village. In addition, transfer of information in an economic and timely manner through communication technologies has promoted cross-border interactions (Hassan & Michael, 2014). In an effort to describe the current rate of globalization, scholars agree that today, human interactions across borders are not only faster and cheaper, but also farther and deeper. As insinuated earlier, globalization impacts all the social, economic and political aspects of life. Within an economical context, international trade and investments have promoted effective transfer of goods and services across national and regional borders. Politically, governments have legislated policies that facilitate cheaper, faster and deeper movement of goods and services across borders. The social aspect of global acculturation has leveled social barriers of language and transformed the world into an interacting community (Pauline & Parsons, 2009). Globalization of commerce today entails changes in the marketing and production aspects of business. In production, companies are no longer restricted by national barriers in sourcing means of production, specifically raw materials and labor services. On the other hand, the increased decline in social, political and economic barriers has eased the selling of products and services to consumers around the globe. Technically, globa lization of marketing and production aspects of business has yielded consequences that substantially impact business stakeholders, especially consumers (Pauline & Parsons, 2009). In the context of marketing, globalization has effects on the manner in which consumers behave. Primarily, consumers refer to persons or organizations involved in the purchase of goods and services offered in the global markets. Personal consumers are known

Final Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Final Business Plan - Essay Example Currently, the retail and fashion industry tends to be biased towards dressings as opposed to home products. However, a close analysis of fashion trends and customer preferences from a research conducted by our research team has revealed a great need for home textile products that are environmentally friendly, affordable, and trendy. With this view in mind, we intend to tailor our products to meet these specific needs. In particular we will provide products made from high quality organic materials with great focus on colours, styles and fits. Our products will include xxxx. These will be made from organic materials such as cotton, silk and wool. Our products will be made or processed In India and exported for sale to Hollywood, Los Angeles. Our core business activity is the design, branding and selling of organic textiles. Our secondary business activities include research and development of organic farming techniques and inputting this information back to the organic cotton suppliers. New World Textiles aims to develop relationships of mutual benefits with its suppliers using a fair trading platform. With a low supply of organic cotton strained by the rapidly growing demand, It is beneficial for New world textiles to play an influential role in the supply chain of organic textiles through the engagement of CSR activities. New World Textiles is a start-up retail business that will sell fashionable home textiles to residents and visitors in Hollywood, Los Angeles. New World Textiles will be located along xxx, a place popular with tourists and visitors of all kinds and from different countries. In particular we will provide products made from high quality organic materials with great focus on colours, styles and fits. Our products will include xxxx. These will be made from organic materials such as cotton, silk and wool. New World Textiles is a multi-member Limited Liability

Self Discovery Journey in Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self Discovery Journey in Literature - Essay Example The discourse of self initiation should be looked at through the eye glass of the self; the characters created by the two authors display this side of every human being and, the almost desperate search that they start is common for all humans, thus I believe that the personal endeavor and voracious desire for knowledge do not shadow, but rather illuminate my very own understanding of the two books. The confession like statement of this paper that unravels the past fears and discoveries of my self concludes that life and the journey dedicated to spiritual evolution is present in every individual and that such novels as "The Alchemist" and "Jonathan Livingston Seagull" are not only very appealing to the readers, but also manage to bring back into focus the stages of becoming by unweaving and weaving back one's path. The analysis of the given literary corpus proved to reach a difficult point when I compared the styles of the two novels and the two different tones that speak about the becoming of the individual. Coelho's language is easier to apprehend and thus it proved to carry a more explicit message that immediately assures the revelations of the readers in front of a promised destiny. This author's description of the theme 'life as a journey' brings a world of magic and yet simple happiness that seems to be there at the end of the path. Unlike Coelho, Richard Bach imposes upon his readers a metaphor that shadows the plot and the message of the novel. As similar as they may seems, the language of the two novels has two tones: a calm and eventful one in "The Alchemist" and an extortionately dry one in "Jonathan Livingston Seagull". It is difficult and it takes an in-depth analysis in order to be able to set and discuss the intimate coordinates of the two souls that are incorporated in this unf olding. The main idea that this paper managed to discuss and that represents its strong point is the fact that the comparison between the two novels conveys a good understanding of the main characters: the shepherd and the seagull and their dynamics. Leaving aside the plot and focusing on the changes they go through, this paper brings in front of the readers a good understanding of the restless seagull and of the thriving young boy. The paper discussed only a part of the aspects present in the two novels and it did not cover the metaphysical and deeply symbolical dimension of the language. As simple as it may seem, the language used by both Coelho and Bach hides a symbolism that should be discussed in connection with the author's philosophy and not with my own personal believes; the literary analysis of the abstract ideas that come along with the story line is sure to bring a better understanding of the novels. However, this paper does trigger important questions which should be part of a future and detailed study of the transcendental dimensions of the self discovery journey as it appears in "The Alchemist" by Paulo Coelho and Richard Bach's "Jonathan Livingston Seagull". What's not a part of your paper that you think might help a reader understand or appreciate

Venetian Renaissance (Venice) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Venetian Renaissance (Venice) - Essay Example However, the Venetians differed from the artists of the High Renaissance in the ways that they approached their subjects. Venice exists at the eastern edge of the Italian border, forcing it to remain more open to alternative points of view, such as the concepts of eastern religions and cultures. This made them less controlled by the dictates and prejudices of the Roman church and thus more open to exploration of expression. They were experimenting not only with how to depict realistic-seeming images, but were more intrigued with discovering deep emotional content in their depictions. The Venetians were also more open to artistic nudity, remaining focused on realistic rather than idealized figures. While the basic techniques used in Venice and the rest of Italy were largely the same, the Venetian artists also had the benefit of the unique light of their climate. In working to capture this soft light, the Venetians such as Titian became famous for their delicate reflected

LAB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LAB - Essay Example Also, in the earliest years of logging much of the work was done in the winter so that the logs could be moved on sleds. Per the previous question, there are two ways that logs were taken to the appropriate sawmills. The first it was by sled in winter or down the rivers. Although many Michigan men became wealthy in the logging industry the majority of the workers, like the lumberjacks made about $26 a month plus their room and board. This was not particularly much overall. Bare ground, abandon branches, and low lying stumps were all that was left behind after the loggers had left an area. The rivers no doubt suffered, they would have changed and been damaged from the constant use and devastation to the surrounding areas. These areas became had little protective groundcover and created immense fire hazards that often would threaten untouched woods and settled areas. So many people believed the propaganda being spread that the leads cleared by loggers was ideal for settlement and farming. For this reason many families spent all of the money they had on this land. However, the land was not fertile, the families could not pay their taxes, and the land became forfeit and given to the state. Ingham County was the first to be settled. The roads were little more than mud pits, uneven, and difficult to travel. Corduroy roads were roads made from logs, it most cases they were later replaced with planks roads, which were much smoother. The Michigan citizens in the 1960s and 1970s were concerned because the air quality was beginning to diminish, water pollution due to sewage and industrial waste. They began to take measures to improve and repair the damage being done to their home environment. The silo is a rounded tower-like building that is used for storing grains. Silage is the â€Å"finely chopped crops† that were fed to the farmer’s livestock (Michigan Historical Museum). A round

Soil Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soil Behavior - Research Paper Example It occurs majorly in soils that are water saturated. All air spaces in this kind of soil are filled with water. Before the impact of the earthquake, soil water has low pressure, but the impact of the earthquake increases the pressure of the water in the soil, particularly between the individual soil particles (Muiri, 1990). These particles, pressing against one another, break and reduce in strength and stiffness. Developments made on the surface of the earth by human efforts exert heavy weight on the soil increasing the pressure in the soil water and this too can cause changes in the strength of the soil. Ground improvements are the various ways by which soil engineering properties are made better in order to reduce exertion of pressure on the soil particles by the water. The properties of concern are; the ability of the soil to pass water, shear strength and soil stiffness. In this move, expensive and sophisticated materials and other tools are laid below the foundations to support the weights of heavy structures on the ground. Other techniques are also employed, e.g. dykes, tunnels, channels, reservoirs and embankments, which have been used to reduce the impact of the earthquakes. This reduces the water pressure on the soil particles. This is done by engineers depending on the size of the structures and the intensity of the earthquakes in the region. Geophysical methods are the methods used to collect data, relating to waves, in the soil. These are; Direct Current Electrical Resistivity, Induced Polarization and Spectral Induced Polarization where directly, electricity is pumped into the ground to collect and record all the information on ground waves. Another method is Electromagnetic and Ground Penetrating Radar in which the information is recorded with no direct contact with the earth media. It uses EM waves also. Gravity and Microgravity is another method of measuring the waves using gravimeters. This method obtains the masses and densities

Joseph Andrews and Abraham Adams Essay Example for Free

Joseph Andrews and Abraham Adams Essay Such devotion is clearly evident in Adams, not only because of his position as a clergyman but also in his actions. During an episode in which Joseph and Adams are in great danger, Adams devotion to God is proven. Adams now fell on his Knees, and committed himself to the Care of Providence . Joseph is likewise devoted to God. he still settles himself to the wishes of God, making his devotion clear Mr. Abraham Adams was an excellent Scholar. He was a perfect Master of the Greek and Latin Languages In comparison to the normal human of the time, Adams seems to be more intelligent. The first meeting between Adams and Joseph depends upon Josephs similar aptitude for learning compared to similar people his age. After questioning Joseph about several subjects, Adams declares that, he answerd much better than Sir Thomas, or two other Despite their many similarities, Adams and Joseph differ on several points. One of them is their view on schools. The essential debate comes down to the quality of British public schools. Joseph Andrews throws his support towards public schools. Adams holds a different opinion on this matter, however, which coincides with his position as a clergyman and his devotion to God. Public Schools are the Nurseries of all Vice and Immorality. All the wicked Fellows whom I remember at the University were bread at them, Josephs willingness to contest Adams opinions shows that they must differ in some ways. The simplicity of Adams character is evident in his gullibility compared to Joseph. During one episode, they are promised several extravagant offers by a gentlemen who pretends to be sympathetic to their Case. After giving several excuses that prevent him from following through on his promise, Adams still doesnt understand the situation. This must be a sudden Accident, as the Sickness or Death of a Relation. Adams honestly believes that the man had intentions of honoring his promises. Joseph is less gullible, and know that the man has been playing with them.. Joseph sees through the lies he is being told and falls back upon his greater experience of the world than Adams. Throughout Joseph Andrews, the relationship between Adams and Joseph forms an important element of the story. Their great friendship brings them through difficult times and benefits them both. This friendship is composed of both their similarities, which help them get along, and their differences, which allow each of them to expand the others world view. The relationship would not be as dynamic without the interaction derived from these similarities and differences. In comparison, they devote themselves to God, rise above their peers in moral character, and posses greater learning than their peers. In contrast, they differ in their views of schools and their gullibility

Inspirational Speech Essay Example for Free

Inspirational Speech Essay Good afternoon everyone. Today I am here with you, giving an inspirational speech to help you overcome life’s challenges and I wish that this speech of mine is worthy of your time. One day, when I was lying on my bed, some questions about life comes to my mind like, â€Å"What is the purpose of life? †, â€Å"Why we are here in this world? †, and ‘’Why do certain things happen? ’’. I had always kept these questions to myself but eventually pushed them away on my mind because I can’t find any answer and it’s just making me in doubt of everything. After thinking of those questions, I reminisce the times of my life that I experience trials and hardships. Those are the times that I almost given up and I feel like that I can’t bear those problems anymore but I said to myself not to surrender because God will not give us burden that we cannot bear. If you have a problem, don’t say, â€Å"God, I have a big problem†, but instead say this out loud whole-heartedly†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hey problem, I have a great god! ’’ and surely it will lessen the heavy feeling in your heart and it will inspire you to fight those problems. The challenges and difficulties that come into our life will makes us closer to God, makes us stronger and a better person that we should be. Most of the time, we only remember God when we have problems and forget him when we are happy and sometimes or maybe often, we blame him and ask, â€Å"Why me, Lord? †, â€Å"Why you are doing this to me? †,†Did I do something wrong? † We always say that but have we ever question him why we are happy and receiving those many blessing. Have you ever asked â€Å"Why you are giving these blessings to me, Lord? Did I do something right? † and said â€Å"thank you lord? ’. Never, right? Think of this my friend and realize that some things will not be as we want it to be. We should also learn from our mistakes and we should our limitations. If we did not learn from those mistakes, then, there’s no sense in making them. Life has its ups and downs, just always remember that everything happens for a reason. After the hardships we’ve been through, blessings and graces wait. God doesn’t tell us how he’s working out his plans, but in his time and his way, he’ll clearly let us know he’s working out his best for us because He loves us so much.

Risks in Social Networking Sites

Risks in Social Networking Sites A social network is a map of the relationships between individuals, ranging from casual acquaintance to close familial bonds. Virtual communities are built around affinity and similarity. Social networking sites allow people to gather online around shared interests or causes, like finding people who live nearby or who are in the same age range. It is also one of the most popular Internet activities among teenagers. Friends are everything to a teen. New technologies in the last few years have provided opportunities for teens to make cyber friends in addition to their real world friends. These sites allow teens to design their own personalized page on the Internet, much like an interactive scrapbook, that can include their favorite music clips, their choice of background designs or wallpaper, photos, favorite quotes and any other information about themselves and anyone else that they wish to include. The websites combine many Internet features into one: personal profiles, blogs (web logs like an online diary or journal), places for photos and videos, the latest news in pop culture about music groups or hot new products, opinion polls, user groups, and more. Some of the most popular social networking sites for teens include MySpace, Facebook, and Bebo. Social networking websites have potential for both negative and positive consequences. These are public websites. Which means people of all ages, interests, and backgrounds have access to them. Due to the information sharing nature of these sites, teens face on critical and dangerous problems caused by using their personal information from others. There are many positives things about these websites when used appropriately. Creation of a personal web page can be a very creative outlet for a teen. Frequent entries into an online blog can give teens practice in writing and expressing their thoughts and opinions, which would improve their communication and language skills. Through using technology, teens are learning how to play with and use large amounts of data and information. Teens are also learning skills needed to build a website and use other technologies. Some other positive facts of the social networking websites are that people who share the same interests interact. They make these site a meeting point. They share school research documents and develop artistic talents and experiments with other forms of content creation. While most of this online interaction is just for fun, there are dangers for teens. While todays teens may be more digitally savvy than their parents, their lack of maturity and life experience can quickly get them into trouble with these new social venues. On the other hand, abusing of the social networking websites occurs harassment, tormenting, or sexual advances. Some criminals locate person with only his/her last name and town. To protect the teens from these online predators we need to look into the reasons why like these sites. Why are teens so attracted to social networking websites? 1. Consider the world in which todays teens have grown up. The media has made very public the personal lives of well known people from entertainment, sports, and political circles. Celebrities live out their lives in the limelight. Other examples are TV reality shows many of which are popular with teens. As mentioned earlier, friends are everything to a teen. As todays teens are growing up, they view the Internet as a place to hang out just as real world places are. Using the Internet to connect to friends they know in person and to make new friends is a natural step its just another way to communicate. Todays teens are a self-publicizing generation. It is natural for them to put information out there. A normal developmental task for teens is figuring out their identity. For example, it is typical for teens to try on different identities through their clothing and hairstyle choices. Designing a webpage complete with favorite symbols, quotes, and pictures can also be viewed as a way to try on an identity, test an image, and get feedback from others. 2. These sites expose teens to the world. They enable teens to access people living anywhere in the country or in foreign countries, as well as their peers from school. Its a place where they can create and showcase who they are and also keep tabs on all of their friends. Unless under a hidden view or setting, profile pages are open for all to see. But teens love social networking sites because its their space. There is a sense of empowerment attached to controlling a piece of their own world and this is typically a world where parents are not present. Privacy and Security Issues in Social Networking There are very serious privacy and safety issues with regard to social networking sites. Anyone worried by privacy issues on social networking sites should ask themselves the question: is the next generation even going to be bothered by online security? A survey in the U.K. has discovered that 25% of teenagers have either hacked or attempted to hack their mates Facebook accountsdespite four out of five of them admitting that they knew they were doing wrong. Most of the 1,150 under-19-year-olds, who were questioned anonymously, said that they tried to crack their friends passwords for fun. Some 21% said that they hoped to cause disruption (as Facebooks founder Mark Zuckerberg allegedly did at Harvard). A successful hack, however, was harder to manage than the kids had envisaged, with 82% saying they hadnt succeeded. As regards Facebook and privacy issues, theres been a fair amount of keyboard pounding. The problem, its implied, is with Zuckerbergs company ethos as he strives to eke as many dollars as possible out of the site. However, perhaps there is some meat in the argument that kids are less bothered about what actually constitutes a persons right to keep his private stuff just that. Tufin Technologies, the firm that commissioned the study, claims that it demonstrates that kids needed educating about what is and isnt acceptable with online privacy. Playing around with computers and trying to understand the system can be leveraged for good and bad purposes, said Reuven Harrison, one of the co-founders of Tufin. Theres a fine line at which point it becomes something bad. Children dont always understand where that line is. Risks associated to the use of social network services identified up to now include the following: The notion of oblivion does not exist on the Internet. Once stored it stays there forever. Data, once published, may stay there forever, even when the data has been deleted them from the original site, there may be copies with third parties. Additionally, some service providers refuse to speedily comply with user requests to have data, and especially complete profiles, deleted. The misleading nature of the community. If users are not openly informed about how their profile information is shared and what they can do to control how it is shared, they may by the misled into thoughtlessly sharing their personal data they would not otherwise. The very name of some of these sites like MySpace creates the illusion on the web. Free of charge may in fact not be for free. Many social networking providers make money by selling user data such as email to service providers for marketing purposes, e.g. for (targeted) marketing. Traffic data collection by social network service providers, some providers have an ability to collect and record every single move by a user. Some details like IP address are given to third parties for advertising. Note that in many jurisdictions these data will also have to be disclosed to law enforcement or secret services upon request, including maybe also foreign entities under existing rules on international cooperation. For many of the social networking site user data are only the thing they have to make profit. So they use it to maximize their profits. Giving away more personal information than we think. For example, photos and, social graph functionalities popular with many social network services do reveal data about the relationships between different users. Misuse of profile data by third parties: This is probably the most important threat potential for personal. Depending on available privacy settings profile information, including pictures are made available to the entire user community. And very little protection is present against copying any kind of data from profiles. Law enforcement agencies and secret services are other entities. Possible hijacking of profiles by unauthorized third parties. Use of an insecure infrastructure. The introduction of interoperability standards and application programming interfaces to make different social network services technically interoperable entails additional new risks. Social issues Cyber-Bullying by Teenagers Should society be concerned? Many teens argue that rating is harmless fun. Fun it probably is, but whether it is harmless only time will tell. Teachers, lecturers and professors could find themselves unknowingly the subject of ribaldry, criticism, victimization or worse. Potential exists for slander and defamatory suggestions, if ratings are accompanied by gossip. Social Networking and Harassment The internet has had a reputation for being a platform for online bullying. Sometimes cyber-bullying has involved student to student situations. Sometimes harassment issues in the workplace have found their way online and teens have been targeted by online predators. Teenagers have found themselves giving statements to the law about bullying allegations, now this could affect teachers too. Online Bullying Health Issues for Teachers Stressed teachers, who are sometimes trying to give of their best in difficult circumstances, could be subjected to additional emotional and psychological trauma. Teenagers can be cruel in their humor and comments could be misleading, inaccurate, or derogatory, with scope for invention and exaggeration. Some would not realize that an online campaign of uncomplimentary performance ratings, ridicule or even threats might have negative consequences for teachers well-being. Laws Pertaining to Social Networking Sites The two most important statutes to consider when discussing the legal liabilities and obligations of the social networking sites are Section 512(c) of the Digital Millenium Copyright Act and Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. Section 512 Section 512(c) removes liability for copyright infringement from websites that allow users to post content, as long as the site has a mechanism in place whereby the copyright owner can request the removal of infringing content. The site must also not receive a financial benefit directly attributable to the infringing activity. Section 230 Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act immunizes website from any liability resulting from the publication of information provided by another. This usually arises in the context of defamation, but several courts have expanded it to cover other sorts of claims as well. Thus, if a user posts defamatory or otherwise illegal content, Section 230 shields the social network provider from any liability arising out of the publication. Websites that, in whole or in part, create or develop contested information, on the other hand, are deemed content providers that do not benefit from the protections of Section 230. For example, MySpace.com attempts to restrict the ability to view underage profiles by preventing older users from accessing them. In effect, the web site filters the content based on answers provided during registration to ensure that only minors of certain ages can view other profiles from that age group. This would almost certainly qualify as meta-information under the Roommates.com decision, and would bump MySpace out from under the protection of Section 230. State Laws In addition to these federal statutes, several states have enacted or proposed laws that would create requirements for social networking sites, particularly in regards to monitoring the presence and activities of sexual predators using the sites. For an example, the North Carolina state senate recently passed a bill requiring that parents and guardians register with a social networking site and verify their ages before their children can sign up for an account. This is to counter the difficulty in verifying the ages of minors, who usually lack credit cards or other sources of information concerning their ages. That bill still requires approval from the North Carolina House of Representatives. Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) The New Problem of Sexting Sexting refers to sending a text message with pictures of children or teens that are inappropriate, naked or engaged in sex acts. According to a recent survey, about 20 percent of teen boys and girls have sent such messages. The emotional pain it causes can be enormous for the child in the picture as well as the sender and receiver often with legal implications. Some social networking sites attract pre-teens even kids as young as 5 or 6. These younger-focused sites dont allow the same kinds of communication that teens and adults have, but there are still things that parents can do to help young kids socialize safely online. In fact, when it comes to young kids, the law provides some protections and gives parents some control over the type of information that children can disclose online. For sites directed to children under age 13, and for general audience sites that know theyre dealing with kids younger than 13, theres the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). It requires these sites to get parental consent before they collect, maintain, or use kids information. COPPA also allows parents to review their childs online profiles and blog pages. Cultural Issues Teens chose to go where their friends are. So they dont randomly select their friends, they connect with people who are like them. This is known as homophily in the sociological concept of which highlights that birds of a feather stick together. By the time most teens join MySpace or Facebook, they already know someone who is on the site. They are attracted to the site because of the people there. MySpace came out as the first and quickly attracted young adults. It spread to teenagers through older. Facebook started at Harvard and spread with in before spreading more broadly. First within Harvard, then to other colleges, then to companies, then high schools, and then the whole world. MySpace came first and many teens chose to embrace it. When Facebook came along, plenty of teens changed to it as the new thing. In doing so, some chose to leave MySpace, while most simply maintained two profiles. Yet Facebook did not simply take over MySpace. In May 2009 comScore reported that MySpace and Facebook had roughly equal numbers of unique visitors. In choosing between the two sites, teens marked one as for people like me, which suggested that the other was for the other people. Teens use social categories and labels to identify people with values, tastes, and social positions. As teens chose between MySpace and Facebook, these sites began reflecting the cultural frames of those social categories. Health Safety Issues Health and safety on the internet applies to the mental health of an individual rather than the physical. For example the use of social networking site Facebook is associated with issues of cyber bullying and peer pressure. Solutions Teen Users of social networks 1. Be careful Think twice before publishing personal data (specifically name, address, or telephone number) in a social network profile. 2. Think twice before using your real name in a profile. Use a pseudonym instead. Note that even then you have only limited control over who can identify you, as third parties may be able to lift a pseudonym, especially based on pictures. Think of using different pseudonyms on different platforms. 3. Respect the privacy of others Be especially careful with publishing personal information about others (including pictures or even tagged pictures), without that other persons consent. Note that illegal publication especially of pictures is a crime in many jurisdictions. 4. Be informed Who operates the service? Under which jurisdiction? Is there an adequate regulatory framework for protecting privacy? Is there an independent oversight mechanism (like a Privacy Commissioner) that you can turn to in case of problems? Which guarantees does the service provider give with respect to handling your personal data? Has the service been certified by independent and trustworthy entities for good quality of privacy, and security? Use the web to educate yourself about other peoples experience with the privacy and security practices of a service provider you do not know. Use existing information material from providers of social network services, but also from independent sources like Data Protection Agencies, and security companies. 5. Use privacy friendly settings Restrict availability of information as much as possible, especially with respect to indexing by search engines. 6. Use different identification data (e.g. login and password) than those you use on other websites you visit (e.g. for your e-mail or bank account). 7. Use opportunities to control how a service provider uses your personal (profile and traffic) data. E.g. opt out of use for targeted marketing. What parents can do Learn what your teen is doing on the Internet. One way is to ask your teen to help you with doing a task on the web. Help teens know what is appropriate to put on the web. They have the web knowledge but you have life experience. Be clear about what is not safe to post on the web: full name, address, specific places they go, phone numbers, ethnic background, and anything else that would help someone identify or locate them. Remind your teen that strangers and people they dont want accessing their information have the ability to do just that. Once something is posted on the web, it is no longer private. Stress that the rules of social networking sites must be followed. There are age limits on most sites. Establish limits on how much screen time your teen has including time at the computer, watching TV, or playing video games. Invite your teen to show you his/her web page. Give him/her a day or two of warning before looking at it. Some teens may rethink what they have posted. Consider joining the same website your teen is on and setting up your own profile. That way your teen will be able to look at your profile and you will be able to ask to view his/her profile. Knowing this, teens will be much better at self monitoring. Conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bullying and other threats which young users inflict upon each other may be more likely to arise than threats from adults. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Much is known about potential risks, but more research on the nature and extent of harm actually experienced by minors online is needed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Parental involvement in their childrens online activity is important, but principles of privacy and trust should dictate how parents help children to stay safe. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Education and awareness are the most important factors in enabling minors to keep themselves safe. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Industry self-regulation is the preferred approach for service providers to meet public expectations with regard to the safety of minors. Legislation should not place burdens on service providers which prevent them from providing minors with all the benefits of social networking. However, available safety measures vary greatly from one provider to another and mandatory minimum levels of provision may need to be established. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There are a number of resources for learning how to guide youth, and program leaders can direct parents to them. One Internet watchdog, Parry Aftab, has several websites with advice tailored for parents, police and the youth themselves. One of them, WiredSafety, contains a guide to staying safe in online social networks.

The Pros and Cons of Free Trade Essay -- Free Trade Tarriff Duty Tradi

The Pros and Cons of Free Trade Free trade is exchange of goods and commodities between parties without the enforcement of tariffs or duties. The trading of goods between people, communities, and nations is not an innovative economic practice. Nations are however the main element within a free trade agreement. By examining free trade through three different political ideologies: Liberal, Nationalistic, and Marxist approaches, the advantages and disadvantages will become apparent. Theses three ideologies offer the best evaluation of free trade from three different perspectives. The fundamental component for a liberal political economy is the concept that there be no interference from the government or any other outside source. It is this ‘laissez-faire’ approach that enables the liberal political economy to create what is known as a division of labour. Within this division of labour there are individuals who manufacture goods and those who manage goods. It is the latter however, that end up with the most capital in the long run. The advantage of free trade from a liberal perspective is the ability of the minority controlling the goods to ascertain more wealth than the majority manufacturing the goods. What Smith’s perspective does not take into account is why nations with more low-level workers are less prosperous than nations with more advanced means of production. Nations that have advanced technologically are better off because their means of production allow for more production from less workers, but cost more and are less appe aling to those in control. This element relates directly to the disadvantage of a liberal perspective. While the rich become more affluent and cheaper workers are available in struggli... ...ne is treated equally. The advantage within free trade from a Marxist perspective is poorer nations are allowed the same opportunities as the richer nations. The disadvantage is that no matter how much one nation produce’s (their effort), they are entitled to the same opportunities. The wealthy and perhaps more productive nations would view this as unfair to them. Free Trade is a beneficial idea if all parties involved, that is, the workers, the state, and the private sector, could be represented equally and justly. Until all three ingredients are given the same chances, each perspective will allow for different advantages and disadvantages. By examining the liberal, nationalistic, and Marxist perspectives individually and in contrast with one another, free trade can be seen as a completely different political economy from one region or nation to the next.

Role of Law in the Little Rock Crisis Essay -- Segregation Race

Freedom of speech and press, or freedom of expression, are "fundamental rights". Without these freedoms a truly free society cannot exist. By definition, they allow the citizens to communicate their ideas both verbally and in print. There are many advantages, as well as disadvantages, that an individual receives these rights. However, as with most constitutional freedoms, free of expression can be limited under certain circumstances. The First Amendment in the United States Constitution states ?Congress shall make no law?abridging the freedom of speech, or the press?? According to the Framers, the freedom to express individual views is vital to a free government and from their personal experience the freedom to write and publish also needs to be sheltered from government intervention. Every state constitution contains securities of free expression similar to the U.S. Constitution. An extra safeguard for the individual's right to free expression is stated in Section 1 of the 14th Amendment: ?No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.? By incorporation of the 14th Amendment, the rewards of the 1st Amendment not only include protection from the federal government, but state governments. Free expression sponsors development of individuals by allowing people to have their own opinions and is also essential in shaping governmental policy. Also, by permitting citizens to influence public opinion by persuasion rather than violence, free expression allows for peaceful social change. For example, in the 1950s and 60s the civil rights movement peaceab... ... at issue. Freedom of speech not only protects the right to speak out, but the right not to speak. This includes when a person is first arrested and their right not to speak is kept by Miranda Rights. In the Fifth Amendment, a person has the right to keep silent in court if they will incriminate themselves. Still, if a judge grants immunity testifying is mandatory but nothing said will be used against you. Free expression protects us from the government. Obviously the benefits outweigh the costs, but, the negative aspects are remedied through limitations on free expression so as not to interfere with a person?s life, liberty, and property. The right not to speak is protected through various Amendments in the Constitution most noticeably Amendment 1. It is through these guidelines that free expression has become fundamental law and establishes a truly free society.

1984 by George Orwell Essay

â€Å"George Orwell once offered this definition of heroism: ordinary people doing whatever they can to change social systems that do not respect human decency, even with the knowledge that they can’t possibly succeed. † In George Orwell’s novel, 1984, the protagonist, Winston Smith is described in words of being the ordinary, everyday man to the dystopian society that Orwell envisions to us through Winston’s eyes. the life of a Oceanian citizen. However, in the closing of the novel he admits his admiration for Big Brother.My definition of a hero falls basically along those words but slightly more of a cliche thought to it in the way of the hero is willing to risk their life to abide by true morals in conquering the foundation of the inhumane treatment brought upon the blameless for the justice of everyone. The hero is suppose to be of selfless act and thought. With thorough analysis of Winston and his thoughts and actions throughout the novel, by Orwellâ €™s definition, along with my own i do not consider Winston Smith to be hero. First to address that in a dystopian state there is not a clear manifestation of true heroism.In a society where the extent of individuality is merely greeting a fellow citizen,even then limited to â€Å" greetings comrade†, there are just rebels. A rebel is what i would identify Winston as, not a hero. The supposed heroic actions Winston commits throughout the novel were not heroic at all, but frankly his personal rebellions rather than a need to rebel against the government in the hopes of altering the social society. Winston’s first encounter of rebelling against the Party was the day we wrote a journal entry in secrecy consisting of the phrase â€Å"DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER†.After writing this he knew immediately that he was well condemned to be caught by the Thought Police and due to this fact Winston began carelessly engaging in law breaking actions that put him at even greater risks. This thinking would be seen as careless and selfish, for all forbidden actions were only done to please himself. Actions and thoughts of that manner would not have been in the slightest consideration to commit to a hero who is undoubtedly wanting to change the condition of the government as a whole.Even though Winston contributed to committing acts against the government that are quite  courageous, it was all in a discrete manner. Instead of engaging in an open revolt, Winston’s sexual escapades with Julia and journal entries were in secrecy and remote locations that were never repeated twice, also in the room provided by Mr. Charrington. I interpreted Winston’s approach to act in confidence from everyone around him out of the fear of the reactions of people during the two minute hate, telescreens, hidden microphones, and brainwashed, spying neighbours outing you at the first open moment to save themselves very cowardice rather than make an open revolt.The ope n revolt would have spoken actions of a hero, â€Å"ordinary people doing whatever they can to change social systems that do not respect human decency, even with the knowledge that they can’t possibly succeed†. Basically even if Winston’s public revolt to get others to go against rather than conform to the Party’s laws and live in fear didn’t succeed, it would have been the effort that counts for what a hero would do to better a country, people, or even the world. The fear Winston felt and had thought of in the back of his mind that he mentioned all kept him regretting the actions he took part in.To further the concept of the substantial influence fear contributed to Winston’s choice of actions that defies the the meaning of a hero, is the time he was in his Room 101 and the his great fear of rats were thrust upon him for torture by O'Brien in the Ministry of Love, and he unhesitantly shouted to place the torture among Julia, a complete cowa rdly act. This alone speaks for itself that Winston is no hero, he is an ordinary person who falls under the control of the Party when under pressure of their tactics.In addition to his cowardly act, he also betrays Julia when he rats her out to the Party and tells of how it was all her, she was the one who influence the revolt. This contradicts the characteristics of hero because a hero is determined to stand by what they most care about and never act against their purpose, so for Winston this was not a demonstration of heroism, but a selfish act of fear to put complete blame on Julia, his former lover at the end of the book. To conclude my stance on whether Winston Smith should be considered a hero is he is not a hero at all, just the ordinary citizen living in a dystopian society.

How to do things

As the given quantity. How many significant figures are in the following quantities? Calculations with significant figures: Rounding: If the first digit to be dropped is 4 or less, then it and all following digits are simply dropped from the number If the first digit to be dropped is 5 or greater, then the last detained digit is increased by 1 (I. E. Round up). 4. 2349 4. 2379 10. 010 10. 016 Multiplication and Division: The final answer in the calculation should have the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures. Addition and Subtraction: The final answer in the calculation should have the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.Solve each of the following calculations and give an answer with the correct number of decimal places or significant figures. 45. 48 CM + 8. 057 CM = 1. 008 L – 0. 58596 L – 45. 7 x 0. 034 – 0. 00278 x 5 00 x 185 – 2. 40 / (4+ 125) = (3. 64 â⠂¬â€œ 0. 070) / 0. 00035 Conversion Factors: Conversion factors are used to change from one unit to another. Density, military, parts per million (pimp), parts per billion (BP), percentages, OLDS values are some examples of conversion factors. 1. 00 inch = 2. 54 CM is another conversion factor (metric to English and vice versa).Study Note: You do not need to memorize conversion factors. HOWEVER you should know how to write all the conversion factors listed above. Use the data on Table 1. 8 on page 21 and the table on the back of the textbook cover to solve C. F. Problems. A ewe examples of calculations using conversion factors: 1. A person who weighs 175 pounds is 8% body fat. How many pounds of fat does the person have? 2. The OLDS (or Lethal Dose that kills 50% of the test population†¦ Which are rats) value is a measure of a substance's toxicity. The lower the value the more toxic the substance.EVERY chemical has an OLDS value How many MGM of caffeine will kill a 175 pound pe rson if the OLDS of caffeine is 192 MGM/keg? 3. How many liters of olive oil are in 30. 0 g if the density of the oil is 0. 92 g/ml at 25 co? (Density is a C. F. Used to convert mass to volume for a liquid). *Challenge: How many goof gasoline are in 40. 1 gallons? Density: The amount of mass in a given volume for any substance. D =m/v Specific Gravity: A ratio of the density off liquid to the density of water. This is a ENTITLES number. Density and therefore specific gravity vary with temperature.Liquids become viscous when cooled and thin out when heated. A Hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liquids like beer, urine, inkiest dyes and other substances. The specific gravity of urine can be a quick indicator of certain health problems: Reduced specific gravity diabetes insipid certain renal diseases excess fluid intake diabetes mellitus Raised specific gravity dehydration adrenal insufficiency nephritis congestive cardiac-failure liver disease Constant specific grav ity chronic renal disorder This brew-master in figure 1. 3 is using a hydrometer to determine the progress of fermentation. Why does ice float? Study Goals for Chapter 1: Write quantities in scientific notation (and vice versa) Identify the amount of significant figures in a measurement Use conversion factors to change units in a quantity Understand the importance of specific gravity readings of urine ENERGY Everything in the universe is either matter or energy Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, atoms, and even subatomic particles (protons, neutrons and electrons). Energy: The ability to do work.Two main categories of energy: Potential Energy: Stored energy such as food, gasoline, wood prior to burning, water at the top of a dam, TAP (the bodies energy source) etc. Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion such as running (burning carbohydrates and fat), driving a car (burning gasoline or hydrogen), water flowing over a dam, a campfire, etc. Electromag netic Radiation (light energy): Visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, microwaves, X- says are some examples of electromagnetic energy. As matter gets smaller (I. E. Approaching the bottom of the pyramid of life), it starts to behave like energy.Matter is nothing more than organized energy! Check out the film What the Bleep Do We Know For more on this subject of matter and energy. Heat: Temperature: Units of Energy: The SSL unit for energy is the Joule 0), a derived unit. The older and more common unit is the calorie (Cal). 1 calorie = 4. 184 J Energy and Nutrition For measuring the amount of energy in food or burned during exercise, the calories (aka food calorie) is used and is abbreviated C. When you read a label on a box of food the amount of energy is in food calories. 1 C = 1,000.Cal How do we measure the amount of C in food? Burn it in a calorimeter! When food is ignited and burned, the heat warms the water in the surrounding combustion chamber. The energy given of f by the food is proportional to the temperature change of the water and can be easily calculated. Please memorize the following conversion factors! You should leave this class knowing how much energy is in each food type. How many C are in 6. 0 oz of ground beef which contains 45. 0 Goff protein and 1 1. 0 g of fat? What are the main functions of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the body?More on this at the end of the course. Temperature Conversions Table 2. 5 Celsius to Kelvin: -arc + 273 Celsius to Fahrenheit: -arc = (TFH – 32)/ 1. 8 No need to memorize these, Just know how to use them properly. Normal body temperature is 96. 8 – 98. 6 OF. Deviations outside of this range begin to impair body functions. Therefore, accurate readings to one decimal place are necessary. Specific Heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1. 0 grams of any substance exactly 1 co. Every substance absorbs heat, some more than others. Water has an extremely high heat capacity.In the reverse process (freezing) energy (heat) is lost. Why do you get chill when you exit the shower? Heat of Vaporization = Energy needed to convert 1. 0 Goff a liquid into a gas (or vapor). L to V, energy is absorbed by the liquid. V to L, energy is lost by the vapor. Heat mass X Heat of vaporization Hap for water = 540 cal/g. Of water Heat of Fusion = Energy needed to convert 1. 0 Goff a solid into a liquid. Heat = (mass) (Heat of fusion) Some substances go directly from the solid to the vapor phase. This process is called sublimation. Dry ice (CA), iodine (12), camphor, and menthol are examples.

Is a Casino in the City a Good or Bad Thing?

Casinos have become more and more popular nowadays. However, some cities and even countries, especially the Islamic ones, do not pass laws to set up casinos. This is because its benefits usually come with disadvantages. About benefits, first of all, casinos generates great revenue for cities. The law demands casinos’s owners to pay steep taxes in order to keep their operations. Then the city can use that money to ameliorate the infrastructure, hospitals, schools†¦ and other cummunal utilities. In addition, having a Casino in the city enhances tourism. These days, besides the traditional entertainments, people tend to find another way to relax and to enjoy themselves. Going to casinos is one of the new good choices. Nevertheless, there are just some cities have casinos, so if the people live in no-casinos places want to go there , they have to drive to the city that has one. This intensely improves the tourism of that city. However, everything has its pros and cons. Crimes are usually associated with Casinos. Some people rob others to get the money to spend on casinos. Few may even kill their victim to get what they want. This cause the crime rates of cities increased. Moreover, a few ones who have unstable mental state may get too addicted to gambling. They may spend their money uncontrollably and be brought to ruin. Having a casino in the city can be a double-edged sword. It not only brings benefits but also disadvantages. If we can restrain the bad sides, casinos will be a great profitable element to contribute to our society.

Anna Freud

Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology: as her father put it, child analysis ‘had received a powerful impetus through â€Å"the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ.Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she ‘never made a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine'. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a â€Å"bad influenceâ €  on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: ‘the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"brains†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, and their father once spoke of her ‘age-old jealousy of Sophie'. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up – ‘a somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her'. It seems that ‘in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings†¦ nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape': she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family; they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: ‘Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness'. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school; instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work: a dream she had ‘at the age of nineteen months†¦ [appeared in] The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how ‘in the dream of little Anna†¦ little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects'. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evid ence that ‘In 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English', but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper â€Å"The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream† to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued ch ild analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the â€Å"ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety†, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis' intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her father's health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the family's emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The w ar gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called â€Å"The Hampstead War Nursery†. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a children's clinic was added. Here they worked with Freud's theory of thedeve lopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology: Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freud's death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as â€Å"a passionate and inspirational teacher† and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freud's first article, ‘on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at]†¦ made her contribution no less scientific'.In it she explained how ‘Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies'. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in ‘†A Child is Being Beaten†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ – ‘they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary pap ers' – in which he highlighted a female case where ‘an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy†¦ one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art'. ‘Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein†¦ [who] was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible'. In particular, Anna Freud's belief that ‘In children's analysis, the transference plays a different role†¦ and the analyst not only â€Å"represents mother† but is still an original second mother in the life of the child' became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.For her next major work in 1936, her ‘classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanism s, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights'. Here her ‘cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation' helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father — ‘We should like to learn more about the ego' — during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments — ‘I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases' – emphasising how the ‘increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives'. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. â€Å"Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity†¦ The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces†.Selma Fraiberg's tribute of 1959 that ‘The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud's London years ‘that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers — including â€Å"About Losing and Being Lost†, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis'.Her description therein of ‘simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living' may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father's recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised ‘the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth â€Å"from dependency to emotional self-reliance†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her father's important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired , and it might indeed be said that ‘she devoted her life to protecting her father's legacy†¦ In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity', or what she termed ‘altruistic surrender†¦ excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects'. Jacques Lacan called ‘Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesn't make a building†¦ but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems'; and by preserving so much of Freud's legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freud's warning about the potential loss of her father's 'emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to k eep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual's longing for perfect unity with his mother†¦There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way'. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts â€Å"Dear John †¦ , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have†¦ interests†¦ beyond the limits of the medical field†¦ in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, [and] history,†¦ [otherwise] his outlook on†¦ his patient will remain too narrow. This point co ntains†¦ the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? † In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that ‘With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other. Anna Freud Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology: as her father put it, child analysis ‘had received a powerful impetus through â€Å"the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ.Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she ‘never made a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine'. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a â€Å"bad influenceâ €  on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: ‘the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"brains†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, and their father once spoke of her ‘age-old jealousy of Sophie'. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up – ‘a somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her'. It seems that ‘in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings†¦ nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape': she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family; they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: ‘Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness'. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school; instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work: a dream she had ‘at the age of nineteen months†¦ [appeared in] The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how ‘in the dream of little Anna†¦ little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects'. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evid ence that ‘In 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English', but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper â€Å"The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream† to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued ch ild analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the â€Å"ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety†, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis' intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her father's health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the family's emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The w ar gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called â€Å"The Hampstead War Nursery†. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a children's clinic was added. Here they worked with Freud's theory of thedeve lopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology: Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freud's death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as â€Å"a passionate and inspirational teacher† and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freud's first article, ‘on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at]†¦ made her contribution no less scientific'.In it she explained how ‘Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies'. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in ‘†A Child is Being Beaten†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ – ‘they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary pap ers' – in which he highlighted a female case where ‘an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy†¦ one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art'. ‘Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein†¦ [who] was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible'. In particular, Anna Freud's belief that ‘In children's analysis, the transference plays a different role†¦ and the analyst not only â€Å"represents mother† but is still an original second mother in the life of the child' became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.For her next major work in 1936, her ‘classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanism s, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights'. Here her ‘cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation' helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father — ‘We should like to learn more about the ego' — during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments — ‘I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases' – emphasising how the ‘increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives'. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. â€Å"Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity†¦ The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces†.Selma Fraiberg's tribute of 1959 that ‘The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud's London years ‘that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers — including â€Å"About Losing and Being Lost†, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis'.Her description therein of ‘simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living' may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father's recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised ‘the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth â€Å"from dependency to emotional self-reliance†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her father's important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired , and it might indeed be said that ‘she devoted her life to protecting her father's legacy†¦ In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity', or what she termed ‘altruistic surrender†¦ excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects'. Jacques Lacan called ‘Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesn't make a building†¦ but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems'; and by preserving so much of Freud's legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freud's warning about the potential loss of her father's 'emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to k eep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual's longing for perfect unity with his mother†¦There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way'. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts â€Å"Dear John †¦ , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have†¦ interests†¦ beyond the limits of the medical field†¦ in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, [and] history,†¦ [otherwise] his outlook on†¦ his patient will remain too narrow. This point co ntains†¦ the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? † In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that ‘With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other.

Arizona v. Gant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arizona v. Gant - Essay Example Meanwhile, in his house were two persons and one of them was caught in his possession with a crack pile. The Arizona police officers who responded thought Gant has discerned their arrival but found him at his house driveway. An officer shone a flashlight in his hand over the car and saw Gant in it. When Gant saw the police officer, he voluntarily vacates the said car (â€Å"Arizona v. Gant,† n.d.). Meanwhile, the officer immediately gets into the car and made a search. Later, he found some pieces of drugs and a handgun. Gant was then arrested and brought to the police station for his case. Before the Court could move into the trial proper, the suspect asked the judge regarding the evidences that the Arizona police had acquired into his possession, to declare it unconstitutional. Gant stated that those evidences taken against him were fruit of an illegal search. He further contended that the police officer should have secured a search warrant before they could enter and search into his premises. In addition, he argued that the search was in violation of the Fourth Amendment under the provision which strongly prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures (â€Å"Arizona v. Gant,† n.d.). But to his surprise the trial judge denied the motion he has moved. After that, Gant’s case was given verdict by the trial court. ... Gant,† n.d.). Issue: The case has posed a question whether or not the police officer can arrest the recent occupant of the vehicle who did not make any signs of trouble and get out voluntarily. And in regard to the manner of conducting a search, the issue is whether or not the police can make a search on a certain premises without first securing a valid search warrant (â€Å"Arizona v. Gant,† n.d.). Court Decision A. The Court of Appeals gave merit on the case in favor of the suspect. It ruled that the suspect had been denied of his right against unreasonable searches and seizures. The evidences gathered (drugs and drug paraphernalia) were sought after an illegal search. In addition, the search made to the vehicle did not justify and connect to the arrest of the suspect. Thus, disagreeing to the decision of the trial court and proving the invalidity and unconstitutionality of the search made (â€Å"Arizona v. Gant,† n.d.). B. Although the decision was reversed in the Court of Appeals, actually it was not the final resort or the final verdict. The case was brought to the highest court--Supreme Court. On May 24, 2004, the court gave its say and decision to the case. It held that police officers can make a search on a vehicle despite the fact that the occupant has already vacated it voluntarily. Thus, rendering the decision of the Court of Appeals invalid and proving the issue as constitutional. In addition, a search can be made warrantless if it is incidental to a valid arrest (â€Å"Arizona v. Gant,† n.d.). Evaluation of the Decision’s Constitutional Significance In the case of Arizona v. Gant, the Supreme Court’s decision was considered the final verdict. Although it had been contended and appealed by the suspect before