How many sources for a 15 pages paper
Monday, August 24, 2020
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Given what you have learned about the demcocratic Essay
Given what you have found out about the demcocratic - Essay Example He commissions and controls the military. The ruler government additionally can call decisions paying little mind to the desire of people in general. She or he conveys controls legitimately inside her decision and her own impact isn't restricted by anybody. The cutting edge government in any case prescribes the sovereign to be exhorted and guided by the pastors she is working intimately with (Bradley and Ewing 2011, 198). In a majority rule express, every resident of that state has all the basic rights to choose which kind of government the person needs. The residents have the sovereign force and will to pick which kinds of pioneers and government they need. Majority rule government has standards and practices that are explicit to it. These standards recognize it from different types of government. The residents to that nation have all the community duty and capacity to either legitimately or by implication practice their constituent rights. Vote based system has its establishment that the larger part consistently runs the show. What the greater part wills and selects is regarded and their privileges are bolstered too (Bradley and Ewing 103). This alludes to the part of a legislature splitting its duties among particular arms. This is worthwhile as one arm would not command over others by concentrating the center obligations and capacities to itself. The force is circulated among the branches or alleged the arms. The principle explanation behind this is with the goal that an assessment of execution could be effortlessly done. Incase of any deviations from the desires for the general population, potential rectifications could be handily made (Carroll 2013, 105). Under the model founded by Charles Louis, he separated majority rules system into three arms (Carroll 111). From his view the political authority appeared as administrative, legal or official forces. He disclosed that to guarantee viability in the opportunity given to residents, at that point these three must be unmistakable and relate as discrete forces, the administrative structure pass laws that oversee the state. They
Wednesday, July 15, 2020
Build Your List of Reasons to Quit Smoking
Build Your List of Reasons to Quit Smoking Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Print Why Making a List Might Be the Best Way to Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on December 30, 2018 brankokosteski / E+ / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Most people who smoke wish they didnt. We live with a hatred for something we think we cannot live without. The fear of serious illness is usually there too, lurking in the background, and always that awful feeling of being powerless to quit. We all have plenty of reasons to quit smoking, yet, we just cant seem to do it. Nicotine addiction does that to a person. Acknowledging Smokers Denial As smokers, we live in denial about what cigarettes are doing to us. We have to, otherwise, there would be no comfort in smoking, no relief...no pleasure. Yes, we know that smoking causes cancer and emphysemaâ"we know smoking kills and that were playing roulette with our health. However, we also know that most smoking-related diseases take years to develop, so we tell ourselves we have time, that nothing will happen to us. Besides, the bad stuff always happens to other people anyway, right? Right? Wrong. With upwards of 6 million people dying on this planet every year from tobacco use, chances are more than good that well end up a tragic addition to those statistics if we continue smoking. Every additional year we invest in smoking compromises our chances for survival all the more. Eventually, there comes a time for most smokers when the smokescreen starts to wear thin. And when it does, smoking loses its luster; its ability to soothe. Instead, smoking becomes a fearful, anxiety-ridden activity that has little to do with pleasure or relaxation, and we find ourselves thinking about quitting with every cigarette we light. Ready to Stop Smoking The fact that youre here reading this article is a good sign. Youre probably sick of smoking, and unhappy enough to be looking for help. Good for you, because when it comes to overcoming the addiction to nicotine, education is key. The more you understand about how smoking affects you and what to expect as you wean yourself away from it, the better prepared youll be for success. Why Do You Want to Quit Smoking? What are the reasons behind your desire to stop smoking? Sit down with pen and paper and list them out. Include every single reason you can think of, from the largest, most obvious, to the smallest. Think about the pros and cons of smoking as you compose your list, and when youre done, make a copy to carry with you. Add to it when more reasons come to mind, and read your list when resolve is at a low ebb. It will quickly help you get your priorities back in order and keep you on track with your quit program. Think of your list of reasons as a cornerstone in the foundation youre building for smoking cessation. Be Patient With Yourself Much of the process of release from nicotine addiction comes down to plain old practice. We taught ourselves to smoke one day at a time until it was interwoven into just about every activity in our lives. It only makes sense then, that we should allow ourselves the time it takes to retrain old habits into newer, healthier ones that dont involve smoking. Arm yourself with knowledge and support, and be patient. Youll grow stronger by the day. Success Starts in Our Minds Once we get our thoughts moving in the right direction, taking positive action comes more easily.Its like a snowball rolling downhill. Channel your thoughts onto that sheet of paper, and youll begin to gain momentum. Once you start the snowball rolling, youll be amazed at what you can do to change your life for the better. If you want to change your life, change your mind.
Thursday, May 21, 2020
Biological Explanation for Anorexia Nervosa Essay - 823 Words
Biological Explanation for Anorexia Nervosa Evidence for a faulty gene. AIMS: to see if concordance rates for anorexia are higher in MZ twins compared to DZ twins. This would provide evidence for a faulty gene causing the disorder because if one MZ twin develops anorexia, there should be 100% concordance (agreement) with the second MZ twin also suffering from it, since they share the same genes. The rates for DZ twins should be much lower because they share only 50% same genes. PROCEDURE: à · Natural experiment: because the IV (genetic relatedness) occurs naturally and cannot be changed by the investigator. Longitudonalâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Alternatively, a faulty gene may still be present in the non-sufferers, leaving them vulnerable to developing the disorder, but it does not develop unless some other factor triggers it eg. a stressful life event. CRITICISMS: à · Environmental factors have been ignored. MZ twins share very similar environments (eg. same home, schools, treated similarly by parents etc) and this could explain the higher concordance compared to DZ twins who may not be treated so similarly. Since 100% concordance was not found, a faulty gene may make the person vulnerable but some kind of environmental factor is needed for the disorder to develop eg. stress. à · Over-simplistic and reductionist (using a simpler biological explanation to explain a complex behaviour). The fact that it is difficult to separate nurture (environmental factors) from nature (genes) shows that the evidence is not strong enough for a purely genetic explanation à · Natural experiments lack experimenter control over variables eg. the IV (genetic relatedness) could not be isolated from other (possibly confounding) uncontrolled variables eg. environmental experiences, socio-economic backgrounds (class factors). This means that internal validity was low (factors other than the IV may have caused anorexia). At best, that data has shownShow MoreRelatedBiological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa Psychology2938 Words à |à 12 PagesBiological explanations for anorexia nervosa Biological explanations for anorexia nervosa include neural explanations and evolutionary explanations. 1st BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION - Neurotransmitters -Serotonin Disturbances in the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin appear to be a characteristic of individuals with eating disorders. Kaye 2005 found a reduction in the levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in people with eating disorders. This suggests that brain serotonin pathways are underactiveRead MoreThe Manual Of Mental Disorders1489 Words à |à 6 Pageschanges to the Diagnostic Manual include changes to the criteria for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. With this is mind my essay with focus on one of these specific subtypes. With evidence showing there has been an increase in Anorexia in the high risk-group of 15-19 year olds in the past decade, and Bulimia on the decrease since the early nineteenth century (Smink, Hoeken, Hoek 2012) my chosen subtype will be Anorexia Nervosa. As statistics are increasing further than those of other subtypesRead MoreSexual and Gender Identity, Personality, and Eating Disorders, classifications, components, and define DSM IV-TR of these d isorders pluse Case Analysis1730 Words à |à 7 Pagespervasive, and subjectively indistinguishable; whereas eating disorders include feelings of hunger, are self-induced, self-defeating, and emotional. This paper will address the biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of three Axis I and Axis II, sexual and gender identity, personality and eating disorders: anorexia bulimia, a, gender identity, exhibitionism, schizoid, paranoid. Diagnose and evaluate our case analysis of Alfred C. Kinsey, inadequate feeling of himself, which gained himRead MoreEssay on The Fear of Fat Criterion Within the DSM IV1626 Words à |à 7 Pagesfitness equipment and support groups to mold individuals into the proposed ideal form. This evidence alone suggests a strong case for the possibility of a pathological fear of fat. Is this fear, however, the driving force behind all cases of anorexia nervosa and bulimia? According to the DSM IV, the fear of gaining weight is essential for t hese diagnoses to be made. Strong arguments have been made both in favor and against modifying the existing criteria to allow for the diagnosis and treatmentRead MorePsychological Perspectives On Mental Health Disorders1728 Words à |à 7 Pagesperspective can explain mental health illnesses that appear to be dysfunctional such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Evolutionary perspectives consider the fact that behaviour is altered and mainly adapted in order to help us survive and reproduce. In this way anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is explained by the aspiration to look desirable in order to find a partner to reproduce with. Bulimia and anorexia are both relatively modern mental illnesses, this is due to the fact that models areRead MoreThe Role Of Nature And Nurture : Adolescence Eating Disorders1735 Words à |à 7 Pagesa number of biological , psychological and sociocultural factors might trigger eating disorders. For the biological (genetic) ââ¬âNatural factors that contribute to the ED include being a female, certain age ,certain genes and family history . For the sociocultural factors (Nurture) like the media, society , peers , presence of other comorbidity like anxiety ,OCD and depression. Biological-Genetic (Natural) factors Recent behavioral genetic studies suggest that the biological susceptibilityRead MoreEating Disorders : The Most Silent Killer Of All Psychological Diseases1377 Words à |à 6 Pagesmental instability. While it has been long assumed that bulimia and anorexia have stemmed from insecurities and poor choices; DNA, genetics, endorphins, cholecystokinin, and CCK levels, among other things, are all important deciding factors of whether or not someone will be plagued with the diseases. Among the two, bulimia nervosa has had the most backed research on what could be the cause and nature of the disease. Bulimia Nervosa is a binge eating disorder. During these binges the participants eatRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa4434 Words à |à 18 PagesPsychology of Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is currently viewed by society as an extremely complicated disorder, misunderstood, over looked, and misjudged based on the stigmas of society. People who suffer from eating disorders like Anorexia do not always report the fact they are in living with the disorder because they are ashamed or scared of what might happen to them or what people will say. An individual may also feel that they do not met the exact criteria of Anorexia Nervosa in the DSM 5Read MoreUnderstanding Eating Disorders through a Biomedical Model or by Socio-Cultural Analysis3250 Words à |à 13 PagesCan We Better Understand Eating Disorders, Namely Anorexia Nervosa, Through A Biomedical Model Or By Socio-cultural Analysis? ââ¬ËItââ¬â¢s like I never knew what self-respect was all about until now. The thinner I get, the better I feelâ⬠¦this has become the most important thing Iââ¬â¢ve ever done. ââ¬Ë (Ciseaux, 1980, p.1468) Incidences of Anorexia Nervosa have appeared to increase sharply in the USA, UK and western European countries since the beginning of the 60s (Gordon, 2001). The increasing prevalenceRead MoreEating Disorders : A Well Known Secret817 Words à |à 4 Pages Anorexia Nervosa: A Well-Known Secret In America today, eating disorders are highly recognized amongst the general public. From the numerous after school specials to the headlines on various gossip magazines accompanied by underweight starlets, the issues of eating disorders is a hard one to ignore. The documentary I chose to watch is one called Dying to Be Thin directed and produced by Larkin McPhee. This compelling picture focuses on eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia in relation to
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
State Apparatuses By Antonio Gramsci - 1430 Words
I have been for the most part skeptical about whether Louis Althusserââ¬â¢s essay on state apparatuses accomplishes anything not previously explained in more humanistic and less functionalist terms by Antonio Gramsci. Indeed, although there appears to be a clear divergence between the two insofar as Gramsci associates ideological work with civil society whereas Althusser locates it in the state, even this distinction is not as stark in light of certain passages in Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Gramsciââ¬â¢s historically specific analysis of domination through hegemony simply seemed to me to constitute a social theory that better accounts for contingency, agency, and change. After further reflection, however, it also clear to me that we can improve upon it by incorporating Althusserââ¬â¢s useful references to materiality and production. Before explaining Althusserââ¬â¢s contribution to theories of ideology and the state, it is necessary to review Gramsciââ¬â¢s own writings on the topic, particularly since his definition of the state and its functions varies a great deal within his fragmented notes from 1929-1936. The particular conception with which Gramsci is perhaps most associated is found in ââ¬Å"State and Civil Societyâ⬠ââ¬âthe dichotomous title of which is highly suggestiveââ¬âin which he describes the state as ââ¬Å"the coercive and punitive force of juridical regulation of a country.â⬠It was Gramsciââ¬â¢s attention to ideological struggles in the voluntary associations and private institutions ofShow MoreRelatedThe History Of The Library Profession938 Words à |à 4 PagesJohn Ambrosio (2013), reflecting on the history of the library profession, invokes Antonio Gramsci, who said that a critical understanding of the self also requires the development of an ethical stance, a se t of values, principles, and virtues to guide oneââ¬â¢s moral conduct (Ambrosio, 2013, p. 328). Lacking such ethics or praxis, librarians are vulnerable to the dominant political ideology. ââ¬Å"The way to overcome paralysis is the consciousness of what one really is and knowing oneself. It begins withRead MoreWalter Benjamin s Critique Of Violence2776 Words à |à 12 Pagesassumption that just means will inevitably produce just ends as a matter of course. Benjamin goes onto explicate how this line of reasoning therefore finds itself engaged with a series of questions about the historical foundations and legal validation of state violence. Having set up the two sides of this antinomy, Benjamin makes his argument that both positive and natural law are dependent on a paradoxical logic. In both cases, justice must be found in the correlation between means and ends, where theRead MoreState Is Not A Unified Entity Essay2323 Words à |à 10 PagesAfter this background, the state is briefly a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make the rules, which govern a society. As Max Weber stated, it has a monopoly on the use of legitimate violence within a specific territory (Weber 1919/2009). Thus, the state consists of the institutions such as the military, the police, judiciary, bureaucracy, civil services, the parliament, local and national selected representatives. Thus, the state is not a unified entity. Indeed, it looks likeRead MoreEssay on A Role for Religion in Public Service3653 Words à |à 15 PagesService ABSTRACT: In this paper I discuss recent scholarly work on ideology, mostly by Europeans, that exposes a secularist bias in current political theory, invites a nonderogatory concept of religion, and (I argue) justifies more flexible church/state relations. This work involves (1) redefining ideology as any action-oriented ideas, whether destructive or ameliorative, including both secular theory and religion, then (2) drawing on hermeneutical and critical studies of the power/ideology relationshipRead MoreEssay on Foucaults Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison2301 Words à |à 10 Pagesa period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Today, however, under the conditions of global modernity, the relevance of his contribution is often called into question. With the increasing ubiquity of markets, the break up of centralized states and the dissolution of national boundaries, the world today seems far removed from the bounded, disciplinary societies Foucault described in his most famous books. Far from disciplinary, society today is ââ¬Å"post panoptic,â⬠as Nancy Fraser has arguedRead MoreState, Political Economy And Governanc2013 Words à |à 9 PagesState, Political Economy and Governanc HOW DO YOU ENCOUNTER STATE AND CITIZENSHIP IN YOUR DAILY LIFE? UNDERSTANDING STATE: The modern word state has been derived from the word ââ¬Å"statusâ⬠earlier employed by Teutons. It was Niccolo Machiavelli who first used the term ââ¬Å"stateâ⬠in political science. From the beginning of social life, mankind has lived under some kind of authority. The authority has varied in its nature and has exercised its
Competitor Analysis- Boeing Free Essays
Competitor Analysis ââ¬â Product These two companies Boeing and Airbus in the Aviation Industry, there have always been various airframe producers which were competing against each other. Throughout the years, two of them gained the majority of the market share. The American company Boeing has been the market leader for a very long period of time, until Airbus outturned them for the first time in 2002. We will write a custom essay sample on Competitor Analysis- Boeing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In recent years, Airbus has put itself at the top of the aircraft-building world with the A380, the whale of a plane that is the largest passenger jet in the world. In year 2011 Boeing has introduced the 747-8 International, the revamped version of the class 747 it calls the ââ¬Å"Queen of the Skies. â⬠We broke down the numbers in categories, based on size, power, capacity, luxury, availability, and more to compare this two aircraft. By comparing the capacity, Boeingââ¬â¢s 747-8I has a maximum capacity of 467 passengers. The Airbus A380 usually holds around 500 passengers, but has room for as many as 853. The Boeingââ¬â¢s wing span is 224. 6 feet. The A380 spreads out over 261. 7 feet. The 747-8I is more than 250 feet long, the A380 measures 238 feet. In fact, the 747-8I is the worldââ¬â¢s longest passenger aircraft. By comparing weight and power, the 737-8I can take off with a weight of 987,000 pounds, and produces 66,500 pounds of thrust, the A380ââ¬â¢s maximum takeoff weight is 1,235,000 pounds, and it produces up to 70,000 pounds of thrust. That gives the 747-8I more power per pound. Boeingââ¬â¢s jet can go 11,443 miles in the air, for A380 can only do 9,756 miles. The difference mean the 747-9I can fly New York to Sydney without stopping, but the A380 cannot. Next, comparing the availability, so far, Lufthansa, Cathay Pacific, Korea Air, and a few other airlines have placed orders with Boeing. The A380 has been around longer, and is flown by Air France, Emirates, Qantas, Lufthansa, British Airways, Korea Air, Virgin Atlantic, and more. Because the A380 has been around longer, itââ¬â¢s easier to get on board. About 1st class luxury, First class on a Lufthansa 747-8I includes a personal locker and an especially wide seat that goes fully flat for comfortable sleeping, in the other way Emirateââ¬â¢s A380ââ¬â¢s first class includes two lounges, private suites, and a shower spa. For travelers looking for top of the line luxury, there are better choices offered by airlines flying the A380. By comparing the price, Boeing sells the ââ¬Å"Queen of the Skiesâ⬠for $351. 4 million. A new Airbus A380 is more expensive, at $389. 9 million. The Boeing 747-8I is new and the A380 has been in service for several years, which accounts for some of the differences. Boeingââ¬â¢s jet has a lot going for it, especially the fact that it is the newer aircraft. But for those looking to get in the air today, the Airbus A380 is bigger, more luxurious, and more available. Competitor Analysis ââ¬â Company Technology Airbus sought to compete with the well-established Boeing in the 1970s through its introduction of advanced technology. For example, the A300 made the most extensive use of composite materials yet seen in an aircraft of that era, and by automating the flight engineerââ¬â¢s functions, was the first large commercial jet to have a two-man flight crew. In the 1980s Airbus was the first to introduce digital fly-by-wire controls into an airliner (the A320). With Airbus now an established competitor to Boeing, both companies use advanced technology to seek performance advantages in their products. For example, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner is the first large airliner to use composites for most of its construction. Currency Boeingââ¬â¢s production costs are mostly in United States dollars, whereas Airbusââ¬â¢ production costs are mostly in euros. When the dollar appreciates against the euro the cost of producing a Boeing aircraft rises relatively to the cost of producing an Airbus aircraft, and conversely when the dollar falls relative to the euro it is an advantage for Boeing. There are also possible currency risks and benefits involved in the way aircraft are sold. Boeing typically prices its aircraft only in dollars, while Airbus, although pricing most aircraft sales in dollars, has been known to be more flexible and has priced some aircraft sales in Asia and the Middle East in multiple currencies. Depending on currency fluctuations between the acceptance of the order and the delivery of the aircraft this can result in an extra profit or extra expense ââ¬â or, if Airbus has purchased insurance against such fluctuations, an additional cost regardless. Safety Both aircraft manufacturers have good safety records on recently manufactured aircraft. By convention, both companies tend to avoid safety comparisons when selling their aircraft to airlines. Most aircraft dominating the companiesââ¬â¢ current sales, the Boeing 737-NG and Airbus A320 families and both companiesââ¬â¢ wide-body offerings, have good safety records. Older model aircraft such as the Boeing 727, the original Boeing 737s and 747s, Airbus A300 and Airbus A310, which were respectively first flown during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, have had higher rates of fatal accidents. According to Airbusââ¬â¢ John Leahy, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery problems will not cause customers to switch airplane supplier. Also, Boeing has recently re-designed the battery system for the Dreamliner so that it is impossible for it to catch fire. Flight testing is underway, and the 787 should soon return to flight. The worldââ¬â¢s safest commercial jetliner is the Boeing 777, with no fatalities. The A380 closely follows, but has made less flight so far, and has only been in service for a recent number of years. Outsourcing Because many of the worldââ¬â¢s airlines are wholly or partially government owned, aircraft procurement decisions are often taken according to political criteria in addition to commercial ones. Boeing and Airbus seek to exploit this by subcontracting production of aircraft components or assemblies to manufacturers in countries of strategic importance in order to gain a competitive advantage. For example, Boeing has maintained longstanding relationships with Japanese suppliers including Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries by which these companies have had increasing involvement on successive Boeing jet programs, a process which has helped Boeing achieve almost total dominance of the Japanese market for commercial jets. Outsourcing was extended on the 787 to the extent that Boeingââ¬â¢s own involvement was reduced to little more than project management, design, assembly and test operation, outsourcing most of the actual manufacturing all around the world. Boeing has since stated that it ââ¬Å"outsourced too muchâ⬠and that future airplane projects will depend far more on its own engineering and production personnel. Partly because of its origins as a consortium of European companies, Airbus has had fewer opportunities to outsource significant parts of its production beyond its own European plants. However, in 2009 Airbus opened an assembly plant in Tianjin, China for production of its A320 series airliners. How to cite Competitor Analysis- Boeing, Papers
Saturday, April 25, 2020
Linux Unix Chapter 6 Notes Test Essay Example
Linux Unix Chapter 6 Notes Test Paper 1.Is each of the following an absolute pathname, a relative pathname, or a simple filename? a. milk_co b. correspond/business/milk_co c. /home/max d. /home/max/literature/promo e. .. f. letter.0210 A: a= Directory File b= relative c= absolute d= absolute e= Hidden File or can be used for the relative parent directory f= Ordanary/Simple File 2. List the commands you can use to perform these operations: a. Make your home directory the working directory b. Identify the working directory A: a= cd b= pwd We will write a custom essay sample on Linux Unix Chapter 6 Notes Test specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Linux Unix Chapter 6 Notes Test specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Linux Unix Chapter 6 Notes Test specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 3. If the working directory is /home/max with a subdirectory named literature, give three sets of commands you can use to create a subdirectory named classics under literature. Also give several sets of commands you can use to remove the classics directory and its contents. A: a= mkdir /home/max/literature/classics, mkdir ~max/literature/classics, or mkdir ~/literature/classics b= rmdir /home/max/literature/classics, rmdir ~max/literature/classics, rmdir ~/literature/classics, rm -r /home/max/literature/classics 4. The df utility displays all mounted filesystems along with information about each. Use the df utility with the ââ¬âh (human-readable) option to answer the following questions. a. How many filesystems are mounted on your Linux system? b. Which filesystem stores your home directory? c. Assuming your answer to exercise 4a is two or more, attempt to create a hard link to a file on another filesystem. What error message do you get? What happens when you attempt to create a symbolic link to the file instead? A: a= 5 b= /dev/sda1 c= Failed to create hard link `/home/Destop = `draft: Permission denied; Failed to create symbolic link `/home/Destop: Permission denied 5. Suppose you have a file that is linked to a file owned by another user. How can you ensure that changes to the file are no longer shared? A: If you have root you can use chown to change ownership rights of the file and then remove all permissions. If the file is has a hard link, you can cp the link and rename it. The changes to the copied file will no longer appear in the original file. 6. You should have read permission for the /etc/passwd file. To answer the following questions, use cat or less to display /etc/passwd. Look at the fields of information in /etc/passwd for the users on the local system. a. Which character is used to separate fields in /etc/passwd? b. How many fields are used to describe each user? c. How many users are on the local system? d. How many different login shells are in use on your system? (Hint: Look at the last field.) e. The second field of /etc/passwd stores user passwords in encoded form. If the password field contains an x, your system uses shadow passwords and stores the encoded passwords elsewhere. Does your system use shadow passwords? A: a= : b= 7 c= 36 d= 2 e= Yes it uses shadow passwords 7. If /home/zach/draft and /home/max/letter are links to the same file and the following sequence of events occurs, what will be the date in the opening of the letter? a. Max gives the command vim letter. b. Zach gives the command vim draft. c. Zach changes the date in the opening of the letter to January 31, writes the file, and exits from vim. d. Max changes the date to February 1, writes the file, and exits from vim. A: Max will get a WARNING: The file has been changed since reading it!!! message and will be asked if he really wants to write to it. 8. Suppose a user belongs to a group that has all permissions on a file named jobs_list, but the user, as the owner of the file, has no permissions. Describe which operations, if any, the user/owner can perform on jobs_list. Which command can the user/owner give that will grant the user/owner all permissions on the file? A: a= ls b= chmod u+rwx jobs_list 9. Does the root directory have any subdirectories you cannot search as an ordinary user? Does the root directory have any subdirectories you cannot read as a regular user? Explain. A: No, users have permission to read, write or execute in my home directory. Some hidden directories allow rwx permissions only to the user where as the regular subdirectories allow only xr permissions to groups and only x permissions to others. 10. Assume you are given the directory structure shown in Figure 6-2 on page 187 and the following directory permissions: dxx drwxr-xr-x 3 zach pubs 512 2010-03-10 15:16 business 2 zach pubs 512 2010-03-10 15:16 business/milk_co For each category of permissionsââ¬âowner, group, and otherââ¬âwhat hap- pens when you run each of the following commands? Assume the working directory is the parent of correspond and that the file cheese_co is readable by everyone. a. cd correspond/business/milk_co b. ls ââ¬âl correspond/business c. cat correspond/business/cheese_co A: a= u,g: OK; o: Permission denied b= ugo: Permission denied c= ug: ls a directory; o: Permission denied
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